I. אפר TWOT^, (cf. perhaps أَفَرَ (˒afara) leap, أَفِرَ (˒afira) be agile; v. אבק).

†אֵ֫פֶר S TWOT GK n.[m.] ashes (as light, flying?)—א׳ abs. Gn 18:27 +; cstr. Nu 19:9, 10—ashes of red heifer, used in purifications Nu 19:9, 10; on head, as sign of humiliation 2 S 13:19; contrition Dn 9:3 (|| צוֹם, שַׂק), Jon 3:6 (|| שַׂק) cf. Jb 42:6 (עָפָר וא׳), Is 58:5 (|| שַׂק); mourning Est 4:1, 3 (|| שַׂק) cf. Jb 2:8 (ישׁב בתוך הא׳), Je 6:26 (|| שַׂק), Ez 27:30 (|| עפר); in sim. scattereth hoarfrost כָּא׳ ψ 147:16; but also as filthy, loathsome כעפר וא׳ Jb 30:19 (Di sim. of mourning, grief), as worthless, מִשְׁלֵי א׳ Jb 13:12 proverbs of ashes; fig. of worthlessness Is 44:20; insignificance עפר וא׳ Gn 18:27; ignominy Ez 28:18 Mal 3:21; distress & sorrow א׳ כַּלֶּחֶם אָכָ֑לְתִּי ψ 102:10 (so Assyrian cf. Zim ⁴²) cf. La 3:16 Is 61:3 (פְּאֵר תַּחַת אֵפֶר).

II. אפר TWOT^, (enclose, envelope, Assyrian apâru, attire Dl ⁵⁴; Thes comp. Arabic غَفَرَ (ğafara), cover; MV comp. Aramaic ܡܰܥܦܪܳܐ (ma˓pro) מעפרא, mantle, turban; but connection of √ (غ (ğ))פּ׳ ע with אפר is dub.)

†אֲפֵר S TWOT GK n.[m.] covering, bandage (Assyrian ipru, covering Zim ⁹⁵, êpartu, garment, Id.^ib. & Dl ⁵⁴) א׳ עַל־עֵינָיו 1 K 20:38 cf. v 41.

אֶפְרֹחַ S TWOT GK v. פרח.

†אַפִּרְיוֹן S TWOT GK n.[m.] sedan, litter, palanquin (so NH; origin dub.; no plausible Shemitic etymol.; perhaps (so RS in Yule ^{of Anglo-Indian Words, 502}) Skr. paryaṅka, litter-bed, ‘palankeen;’ perhaps (if poem be late) Gr. φορεῖον;—G has φορεῖον, B ferculum, Syriac ܦܽܘܪܝܳܐ (puryo) (and ܦܽܘܪܝܳܐ (puryo)) PS³⁰⁷³; Sota 9:14 and Talm אַפִּרְיוֹן, Talm also פּוֹרְיָא and פּוֹרְיוֹן, Levy ^{i. 150, iv. 17}.) Ct 3:9 א׳ עָשָׂה לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה.

אֶפְרַ֫יִם S TWOT GK n.pr.m. Ephraim (Gn 41:52 connected with הִפְרָה, Hiph. of פרה, cf. פרא Hiph. Ho 13:15). 1. 2nd son of Joseph Gn 41:52; 46:20; reckoned among sons of Jacob, blessed by him, and given preference over Manasseh 48:1, 5, 13, 14, 17⁽⁾ (cf. v 19) v 20⁽⁾; 50:23 Nu 1:10 1 Ch 7:20, 22. 2. בְּנֵי אֶפְרַיִם ( = descendants, tribe of E.) Nu 1:32; 2:18, 24; 7:48; 10:22; 26:35, 37 Jos 16:5, 9 (boundaries of territory), 17:8 1 Ch 9:3; 12:30(31); 27:10, 14, 20 2 Ch 28:12; less often מַטֵּה א׳ Nu 1:33; 13:8 Jos 21:5 1 Ch 6:51; מַטֵּה בְנֵי א׳ Nu 34:24 Jos 16:8 cf. 14:4; שֵׁבֶט א׳ ψ 78:67 (|| אֹהֶל יוֹסֵף); בֵּית א׳ Ju 10:9; also א׳ alone, tribe Ephraim Nu 26:28 Dt 33:17 Jos 16:10 + often; א׳ וּמְנַשֶּׁה Jos 17:17 cf. Ju 12:15 (א׳ א׳ ומ׳) 2 Ch 30:10 3. הַר־אֶפְרַיִם the mountain-country of Ephraim, a ridge stretching from N. to S. through territory assigned to Ephr., with fruitful land on both slopes, especially the western (cf. Di Jos 16:1) Jos 17:15; 19:50; 20:7 Ju 2:9; 3:27; 4:5 + 26 times 4. by Ho & Is (rarely later) אֶפְרַיִם = kingdom of northern Israel (from Ephr. as largest & strongest tribe in it) Ho 4:17; 5:3⁽⁾, 5 (|| יִשְׂרָאֵל) v 11, 12 + 30 times Ho; Is 7:2, 5, 8, 9, 17 + 9 times Is; also Je 7:15; 31:9, 18, 20 Ez 37:16 (del. Co) v 19 ψ 78:9 2 Ch 25:7, 10 cf. 30:1 ψ 60:9 = 108:9; עָרֵי א׳ 2 Ch 17:2 cf. 34:6; שְׁדֵה א׳ Ob 19; hence א׳ alone in loc. sense 2 Ch 31:1; also Ho 5:9, where fem. (& perhaps Is 7:2). † 5. יַעַר אֶפְרַיִם 2 S 18:6, E. of Jordan; GL Klo read יער מַחֲנַיִם, cf. 17:24, 27. † 6. name of a city near Baal-hazor 2 S 13:23 ( = Ἐφραϊμ John 11:54 & 1 Macc 11:34? Klo comp. GL Γοφραιμ & עפרון, Qr עֶפְרַיִן 2 Ch 13:19; so previously Bö Th Ke cf. Dr). † 7. שַׁעַר אֶפְרַיִם a chief gate of Jerusalem 2 K 14:13 2 Ch 25:23 Ne 8:16; 12:39; perhaps at NW. angle, near Holy Sepulchre, cf. Schick-Guthe ¹⁸⁸⁵.

אֶפְרָת S GK^, v. אפרתה.

†אֶפְרָ֫תָה S GK^, n.pr. (v. Sta ^{308 d. 1; 342 d. 2; Morgenl. Forsch. 215})—might in several cases, e.g. Gn 35:16, be אֶפְרָת + ה loc., but v. Ru 4:11;— 1. n.pr.loc. place near Bethel, where Rachel died & was buried Gn 35:16, 19; 48:7 (אֶפְרָת only Gn 48:7 where ה perhaps dropped on acc. of ה following (Ol); in last two passages הוא בית לחם is a gloss, v. Di; cf. 1 S 10:2). 2. id., a name of Bethlehem Mi 5:1 Ru 4:11; cf. perhaps כָּלֵב אֶפְרָתָ֑ה 1 Ch 2:24 (G ἦλθεν Χαλὲβ εἰς Ἐφράθα). 3. id. ψ 132:6, perhaps applied to district where Kirjath Jearim lay, on the border of Judah & Benjamin, cf. De Che. 4. n.pr.f. אֶפְרָת name given to wife of Caleb 1 Ch 2:19 = אֶפְרָתָ֑ח v 50 4:4.

†אֶפְרָתִי S GK adj.gent. Ephrathite. 1. Ephraimite, cf. אֶפְרָתָה 1. Ju 12:5 1 S 1:1 (of ancestor of Elkanah) 1 K 11:26 (of Jerob.) 2. from א׳ 2; א׳ מִבֵּית לֶחֶם 1 S 17:12 (of Jesse); pl. אֶפְרָתִים מִבֵּית לֶחֶם Ru 1:2.

אפת TWOT (meaning dub. √ whence Arabic إِفُتٌ (˒ifutun) calamity, & also wonder, portent; according to Thes Arabic √ = إِيفَ (˒īfa) suffer evil but Thes ^{612, Add. 72} del. אפת, and der. מוֹפֵת from √ פ״ו, so Ba^{§ 172 c}; v. also, on افت (˒ft) as late by-form of أفك (˒fk), DBMacdonald ^{xiv (1895), 58 ff}).

†מוֹפֵת S TWOT GK n.m. Dt 29:2 wonder, sign, portent (= מֹאפֵת)—מוֹפֵת Ex 7:9 + 14 times; מוֹפֶתְכֶם Ez 12:11; מוֹפְתִים Dt 4:34 + 4 times; מֹפְתִים Dt 6:22 + 9 times; מוֹפְתַי Ex 7:3; 11:9; מוֹפְתָיו ψ 78:43; מֹפְתָיו 1 Ch 16:12 ψ 105:5— 1. wonder, as special display of God’s power Ex 7:3; 11:9 ψ 105:5 1 Ch 16:12 Jo 3:3; by Moses and Aaron Ex 4:21; 11:10 cf. 7:9 (in mouth of Pharaoh), by false proph. Dt 13:2, 3 (|| אות); usually || אות Dt 4:34; 6:22; 7:19; 26:8; 29:2; 34:11 ψ 78:43; 105:27; 135:9 Je 32:20, 21 Ne 9:10; applied to effect of Yahweh’s curse Dt 28:46 (|| אות); to one protected by י׳ ψ 71:7. 2. sign or token of future event (cf. אוֹת) 1 K 13:3⁽⁾, 5 2 Ch 32:24, 31; symbolic act Is 20:3 (|| אות); as such the term is applied to persons Is 8:18 (|| אות) Ez 12:6, 11; 24:24, 27; cf. אַנְשֵׁי מ׳ Zc 3:8 men who serve as a symbol or sign.—Vb. used, of divine act, is נתן Ex 7:9 etc., שׂים Je 32:20; שׂים also of entrusting to human power Ex 4:21, cf. דִּבֶּר 1 K 13:3; of human agency עשׂה Ex 4:21; 11:10, נתן 1 K 13:3, 5.

†אֶצְבּוֹן n.pr.m. 1. אֶצְבֹּן a son of Gad (Sam. אצבעון, G θασοβαν) Gn 46:16 = אָזְנִי Nu 26:16 (G Ἀζενει, Ἀζαν), this shorter form less probable. 2. אֶצְבּוֹן a grandson of Benjamin 1 Ch 7:7 (G Ἀσεβων, Ἐσσεβων).

אֶצְבַּע S^, TWOT^, GK v. II. צבע.

[אצל] prob. i.q. وَصَلَ (waṣala) to join (cf. on the א W ⁷¹).

i. אֵ֫צֶל S^, TWOT GK^, ₆₁ subst. conjunction, proximity; with sf. אֶצְלִי, אֶצְלוֹ etc.; only used as a prep. a. (as an implicit accus.) in proximity to (as though وِصْلَ (wiṣla) Lag ⁶⁸), beside: Gn 39:10, 15; 41:3 and stood אֵצֶל הַפָּרוֹת beside the kine, 1 S 5:2 אֵצֶל דָּגוֹן beside Dagon, 20:19 1 K 13:24, 25; 21:1 Pr 8:30 Ez 1:15, 19; 33:30; 39:15; often in phrase (מ׳ י׳) אֵצֶל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Lv 1:16; 6:3 Dt 16:21 1 K 2:29 Am 2:8 +; of a locality (cf. II. אֵת 2) Dt 11:30 beside the terebinths of Moreh, 1 K 1:9; 4:12 Je 41:17. After a vb. of motion (late) Dn 8:7, 17; cf. 2 Ch 28:15b. b. with מִן, מֵאֵצֶל from proximity to, from beside (cf. מֵאֵת, מֵעִם): †1 S 20:41 (read with G מֵאֵצֶל הָאַרְגָּב from beside the mound); Ez 40:7 contiguous to, beside (מִן 1 c); with suff. 1 S 17:30 וַיִּסֹּב מֵאֶצְלוֹ and he turned about from beside him, 1 K 3:20; 20:36 Ez 10:16.

†[אָצַל S TWOT GK] vb. denom. lay aside, reserve, withdraw, withhold—Qal Pf. אָצַלְתָּ Gn 27:36; אָצַלְתִּי Ec 2:10; וְאָֽצַלְתִּ֫י cons. Nu 11:17;—reserve, לִי בְרָכָה Gn 27:36; (withdraw), set apart מִן־הָרוּחַ Nu 11:17; withhold מֵהֶם Ec 2:10. Niph. Pf. נֶאֱצַל Ez 42:6 be withdrawn, i.e. shortened or narrowed. Hiph. Impf. וַיָּאצֶל Nu 11:25 (Kö ³⁹⁰) = Qal Nu 11:17.

†ii. אֵ֫צֶל S^, TWOT GK^, in n.pr.[m.] בֵּית־הָאֵ֫צֶל Mi 1:11, according to Hi Ew Ca Ke = אָצַ֒ל Zc 14:5, but dub.; cf. ii. אָצֵל infr.

†i. אָצֵל S GK^, , in pause אָצַ֑ל (Ges ^{29. 4 c}) n.pr.m. (perhaps noble, cf. אָצִיל 2) a descendant of Jonathan 1 Ch 8:37, 38⁽⁾ = 9:43, 44⁽⁾.

ii. [אָצֵל S GK^, ], in pause אָצַל Zc 14:5, according to G T Thes Ew al., n.pr.loc. near Jerusalem; but no site found, & identification with בֵּית־הָאֵצֶל uncertain; hence Symm B Köh WR make subst., אֶל־אָצַ֒ל = very near, hard by (אָצֵל being the supposed abs. form of i. אֵצֶל; cf. Ol ^{167 b}).

†[אָצִיל S TWOT GK^, ] n.[m.] side, corner, chief—pl. cstr. אֲצִילֵי Ex 24:11; sf. אֲצִילֶיהָ Is 41:9;— 1. sides (borders) of earth Is 41:9 (|| קצות); cf. ירכתי א׳ Je 6:22 etc. 2. fig. nobles (perhaps as sides, supports, cf. sub פִּנּוֹת; so Ew Di: but perhaps = أَصِيلٌ (˒aṣīlun) noble—from أَصُلَ (˒aṣula) be rooted, أَصْلٌ (˒aṣlun) root, met. origin, stock—proposes a man having a (known) origin, sprung from an ancient and famous stock; so Ges, cf. Lag ⁶⁸) Ex 24:11.

†[אַצִּיל S TWOT GK] n.[f.] joining, joint (cf. ܝܰܨܺܝܠܴܐ (yaṣilo) elbow)—pl. cstr. אַצִּילֵי יד[י] Ez 13:18 (on יד cf. Sm Co);—joint of hand, i.e. elbow Ez 13:18; אַצִּילוֹת יָדֶיךָ Je 38:12 arm-joints.—אַצִֽילָה ׃ Ez 41:8 is obscure; perhaps א׳ is here a technical architectural term to the joining (cf. Sm Ke).

†אֲצַלְיָ֫הוּ S GK n.pr.m. (Yahweh hath reserved, or set apart) father of Shaphan the scribe 2 K 22:3 2 Ch 34:8.

אצם (meaning dub., cf. Arabic أَضِمَ (˒aḍima) be angry).

†אֹ֫צֶם S GK n.pr.m. 1. elder brother of David 1 Ch 2:15. 2. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 2:25.

אֶצְעָדָה S TWOT GK v. II. צעד.

†[אָצַר S TWOT GK] vb. lay up, store up (Mish. id., Aramaic אֲצַר, ܐܶܨܰܪ (˒eṣar), Arabic أَصَرَ (˒aṣara) confine, restrict)—Qal Pf. 3 pl. אָֽצְרוּ 2 K 20:17 Is 39:6; Pt. הָאֹצְרִים Am 3:10;—store up treasure 2 K 20:17 = Is 39:6; obj. חָמָס וָשֹׁד Am 3:10, i.e. treasure gained by violence and robbery. Niph. Impf. יֵאָצֵר be stored up, of the merchandise of Tyre Is 23:18. Hiph. Impf. וָאוֹצְרָה (cf. Kö ³⁹¹) (denom. from אוֹצָר) Ne 13:13 and I appointed treasurer, sq. acc. pers. + עַל־אוֹצָרוֹת.

†אֵ֫צֶר S GK n.pr.m. (treasure; or covenant Arabic إِصْرٌ (˒iṣrun)) a chief of the Horites Gn 36:21, 27, 30 1 Ch 1:38, 42.

†אוֹצָר S TWOT GK n.m. Pr 15:16 treasure, store, treasury, storehouse (so Aramaic, also ܐܰܘܨܪܳܐ (˒awṣro))—אוֹצָר Pr 15:16 +; cstr. אוֹצַר Jos 6:19 +; sf. אוֹצָרוֹ Dt 28:12 + 2 times; pl. אֹצָרוֹת Jo 1:17 +; אוֹצָרוֹת Pr 21:6 +; cstr. אוֹצְרוֹת Pr 10:2 +; אֹצְרוֹת Jb 38:22 +; pl. sf. אוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃ Dt 32:34 Is 39:4; אוֹצְרֹתָֽי׃ Dt 32:34; אוֹצְרוֹתֶיךָ Je 17:3; אוֹצְרוֹתָם Is 30:6; אֹצְרֹתֵיהֶם Pr 8:21, etc.— 1. treasure(s), gen. pl. (gold, silver, costly utensils, etc.) Jos 6:19, 24 Is 2:7; 30:6; 45:3 (א׳ חֹשֶׁךְ, i.e. concealed, hoarded) Ho 13:15 Je 15:13; 17:3; 20:5; 48:7; 49:4; 51:13; 1 K 14:26⁽⁾ 2 K 24:13⁽⁾, perhaps also Is 39:2, 4 = 2 K 20:13, 15; wealth Pr 15:16; 21:6, 20; gathered for temple-building (sg.) א׳ בֵּית י׳ 1 Ch 29:8, א׳ הַמְּלָאכָה Ezr 2:69 = Ne 7:71(70), also v 70(69) (cf. 1 Ch 26:27). 2. store, supply of food, drink, etc., 2 Ch 11:11 1 Ch 27:27, 28; fig. א׳ רֶשַׁע Mi 6:10 Pr 10:2; יִרְאַת י׳ הִיא אוֹצָרוֹ Is 33:6. 3. בֵּית אוֹצָר a. treasure-house Ne 10:39 cf. Dn 1:2; b. storehouse, magazine Mal 3:10; & without בית a. treasure-house or chamber, treasury 1 K 7:51; 15:18⁽⁾ 2 K 12:19; 14:14; 16:8; 18:15 Je 38:11; 50:37 (?) 1 Ch 9:26; 26:20⁽⁾, 22, 24, 26; 28:12⁽⁾ 2 Ch 5:1; 16:2 (?) 32:27 cf. Ez 28:4; b. storehouse Jo 1:17 Pr 8:21 1 Ch 27:25⁽⁾ Ne 13:12, 13; c. magazine of weapons, fig. of Yahweh’s armoury Je 50:25; d. storehouses of God for rain, snow, hail, wind, sea Dt 28:12 Jb 38:22⁽⁾ Je 10:13; 51:16 ψ 135:7; 33:7.

אֶקדָּח v. קדח.

†אֵקּוֹ n.m. wild goat (?) only Dt 14:5 in list of clean animals אַיָּל וּצְבִי וְיַחְמוּר וְאַקּוֹ וְדִישֹׁן וּתְאוֹ וָזָ֑מֶר (G ὄρυξ, S T ibex; cf. Bo ^{i. 900 f.}, Thes sub אנק cf. MV, with ref. to Arabic عناق (˓n˒q) goat; Thes comp. also Talm אִיקָא, but NHWB MV refer this to αἴξ).

אֹר Am 8:8 v. יְאֹר.

†אֲרָא S GK n.pr.m. (meaning unknown, Thes conject. = אֲרִי lion) a descendant of Asher 1 Ch 7:38.

אֶרְאֵל S TWOT GK, אַרְאֵלִי S GK^, v. I. אֲרִיאֵל sub I. ארה.

†אָרַב S TWOT GK vb. lie in wait (Arabic أَرُبَ (˒aruba) i. was crafty, iii. went obliquely Dozy (knot) Frey)—Qal Pf. וְאָרַב consec. Dt 19:11 וַאֲרַבְתֶּם Ju 21:20; אָרָֽבְתִּי׃ Jb 31:9; אָֽרְבוּ ψ 59:4 La 4:19; Impf. יֶאֱרֹב ψ 10:9⁽⁾; יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ Pr 1:18 Mi 7:2; וַיֶּֽאֶרְבוּ Ju 9:34; 16:2; נֶֽאֶרְבָה Pr 1:11; Imv. אֱרֹב Ju 9:32; Inf. אֱרָב־ Pr 12:6; Pt. אֹרֵב Jos 8:2 + 11 times; אוֹרֵב Jos 8:12 + 4 times; אֹרְבִים Jos 8:4 + 2 times;—lie in wait (with hostile purpose), abs. Ju 9:32, 43 + 21:20 Jb 31:9 ψ 10:9 Pr 7:12; 23:28 1 S 22:8, 13 La 3:10 (of bear, cf. ψ 10:9); c. inf. of purpose ψ 10:9; c. acc. א׳ דָּם Pr 12:6; c. עַל, and pers. against whom Ju 9:34; usually c. ל Dt 19:11 Mi 7:2 Ju 16:2 ψ 59:4 Pr 1:11, 18; 24:15 La 4:19 cf. Jos 8:2, 4, 14; Pt. as subst. = liers-in-wait (pl.) Ju 20:29; usually sg. coll. ambush Jos 8:2, 12, 14, 19, 21 Ju 16:9, 12; 20:33, 36, 37⁽⁾, 38 Ezr 8:31; pl. of this sing. = ambuscades Je 51:12; sg. = place of lying-in-wait, ambush (loc. sense) Jos 8:7. Pi. Pt. pl. מְאָֽרְבִים liers-in-wait. Qal Pt. Ju 9:25 (c. ל), 2 Ch 20:22 (c. עַל).? Hiph. Impf. וַיָּרֶב בנחל (for וַיַּאֲרֶב) 1 S 15:5 (cf. Dr Kö ³⁹⁰; Ges-Kau^{68. 2} queries) but text dub.; cf. Ol ^{257 b}, & Klo, who proposes ויעבר בנחל.

†[אֶ֫רֶב S TWOT GK] אָ֑רֶב n.[m.]— 1. a lying-in-wait Jb 38:40. 2. covert, lair 37:8 (|| מְעוֹנוֹת).

†אֲרָב S GK n.pr.loc. city near Hebron Jos 15:52 (G Ἐρεμ, GL Ἐρεβ; according to Onomast. Ἐρεμινθα Lag^{On. 254, 2nd ed. 260} Ereb Id.^{119, 2nd ed. 152}, a village Heromith in Daroma; cf. Di Survey^iii.311).

†אַרְבִּי S GK adj.gent. הָא׳ 2 S 23:35 (but cf. Dr).

†[אֹ֫רֶב S TWOT GK] n.[m.] ambuscade only fig.—a. יָשִׂים אָרְבּוֹ Je 9:7 i.e. he planneth treachery. b. אָרְבָּם their intrigue Ho 7:6 cf. Now^{p. 126}.

†[אָרְבָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. artifice, pl. cstr. אָרְבוֹת ידיו Is 25:11 (lit. tricks of his hands).

†אֲרֻבָּה S TWOT GK n.f. lattice, window, sluice (Mish. id.)—א׳ Ho 13:3; pl. אֲרֻבּוֹת 2 K 7:2 +, cstr. id. Mal 3:10; אֲרֻבֹּת Gn 7:11; 8:2; אֲרֻבֹּתֵיהֶם Is 60:8;—lattice, latticed opening, where smoke escaped Ho 13:3; openings of dove-cote Is 60:8; metaph. of eyes Ec 12:3 (as latticed by lashes? Hi Now; only here of opening to look through); elsewhere of sluices in sky, opened by י׳, through which rain pours destructively, א׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם Gn 7:11; 8:2, cf. Is 24:18 (א׳ מִמָּרוֹם); fig. of abundance 2 K 7:2, 19 (א׳ בשׁמים); of blessing Mal 3:10 (א׳ השׁמים).

†אֲרֻבּוֹת S GK n.pr.loc. (= אֲרָב? cf. Klo ad loc.) 1 K 4:10 בָּאֲרֻבּוֹת.

†מַאֲרָב S TWOT GK n.m. ambush—מַאֲרָב Jos 8:9 + 2 times; מַאְ֯רָב Ju 9:35; cstr. מַאֲרַב ψ 10:8;— 1. a. ambush, place of lying-in-wait Jos 8:9 Ju 9:35; b. lurking-place ψ 10:8 (|| מִסְתָּרִים). 2. liers-in-wait 2 Ch 13:13⁽⁾ (cf. ארב Pt.)

אַרְבֵאל S GK cf. בֵּית אַרְבֵאל, sub בית.

אַרְבֶּה S TWOT GK v. sub I. רבה.

אַרְבַּע S^{, , ,} TWOT^, GK^, , אַרְבָּעָה, אַרְבַּ֫עַת, אַרְבָּעִים S TWOT GK etc. v. I. רבע.

†[אָרַג S TWOT GK] vb. weave (Mish. id. cf. Ph. ארג weaver)—Qal Impf. 2 fs. תַּאַרְגִי Ju 16:13, 3 mpl. יֶאֱרֹ֑גוּ Is 59:5; Pt. אֹרֵג Ex 28:32 + 4 times; pl. אֹרְגִים Is 19:9 + 5 times; אֹרְגוֹת 2 K 23:7;—weave cloth, etc. Is 19:9 (in Egypt) 2 K 23:7, Samson’s locks Ju 16:13; metaph. weave spider’s web = intrigue Is 59:5; most often Pt. used as subst. = weaver Is 38:12; work of the weaver מעשׂה א׳ Ex 28:32; 39:22, 27 cf. 35:35; weavers’ beam (pl.) מְנוֹר א׳ 1 S 17:7 2 S 21:19 1 Ch 11:23; 20:5 (sim. of huge spear-shaft)—cf. also sub יַעֲרֵי ארגים.

†אֶ֫רֶג S TWOT GK n.[m.] loom (v. GFM ^{Oct. 1889})—אֶרֶג Ju 16:14 hand-loom to which Samson’s hair was fastened, plucked up by him (א׳ obj. of וַיִּסַּע; del. הַיְתַד as gloss, cf. GFM supr.); Jb 7:6 יָמַי קַלּוּ מִנִּי אָ֑רֶג my days are swifter than a loom.

אַרְגֹּב S GK^, , אַרְגָּב TWOT GK v. רגב.

אַרְגָּז S TWOT GK v. רגז.

†אַרְגְּוָן S^, TWOT^, GK n.[m.] purple (of Aramaic form, cf. Dn 5:7, 16, 29; perhaps text error) = purple thread 2 Ch 2:6 ( + כַּרְמִיל וּתְכֵלֶת), cf. 2:13; 3:14 sub אַרְגָּמָן.

†אַרְגָּמָן S TWOT GK n.[m.] purple, red-purple, i.e. purple thread & cloth (Assyrian argamannu COT Ex 25:4, Arabic أَرْجَوَانٌ (˒arjawānun), Aramaic ܐܰܪܓܘܳܢܳܐ (˒argwono), cf. אַרְגְּוָן supr.; etym. dub.; possibly Skr. râgaman, adj. red, reddish, from râga, red colour, so Benary cf. Thes Add ¹¹¹ RobGes; vid. MV; Thes earlier, from רגם; but prob. loan-word, cf. also Lag ²⁰⁵; Pers. ارغوان (˒rğw˒n) is also cited by PS)—form always as above— 1. purple thread, cf. especially Ex 35:25; 39:3 Est 1:6; a. mostly Ex (P) with ref. to the hangings of tabernacle, the ephod, etc.; seld. alone; c. תְּכֵלֶת, violet (q.v.), תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי, (מָשְׁזָר) שֵׁשׁ, (also עִזִּים) Ex 25:4; 26:1, 31, 36; 27:16; 35:6, 25, 35; 36:8, 35, 37; 38:18, 23; 39:24 (on text v. Di) v 29; with these + זָהָב 28:5, 6, 8, 15; 39:2, 3, 5, 8; om. שֵׁשׁ מ׳ 28:33; 39:1; also of temple-hangings, with תְּכֵלֶת, בּוּץ & כַּרְמִיל 2 Ch 3:14 cf. 2:13 (v. also 2:6 v. sub אַרְגְּוָן). b. as indicating wealth & luxury of Tyre, c. שֵׁשׁ, רִקְמָה, תְּכֵלֶת Ez 27:7; c. רִקְמָה & בּוּץ v 16 (as articles of commerce); also in Persia, c. בּוּץ Est 1:6. 2. purple cloth, chiefly of garments, בֶּגֶד א׳ Nu 4:13 Ju 8:26; וְתַכְרִיךְ בּוּץ וְא׳ Est 8:15, שֵׁשׁ וְא׳ לְבוּשָׁהּ Pr 31:22; תְּכֵלֶת וְא׳ לְבוּשָׁם Je 10:9; also מֶרְכָּבוֹ א׳ Ct 3:10; in simile, of woman’s hair Ct 7:6.

†אַרְדְּ S GK n.pr.m. Gn 46:21 son of Benjamin, but Nu 26:40 grandson of Benjamin = אַדָּר 1 Ch 8:3.

†אַרְדִּי S GK adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll., מִשְׁפ׳ הָאַרְדִּי Nu 26:40.

†אֲרוֹד S GK n.pr.m. son of Gad Nu 26:17 = אֲרוֹדִי Gn 46:16.

†אֲרוֹדִי S GK^, adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll., מִשְׁפ׳ הָא׳ Nu 26:17; without art. as n.pr. = אֲרוֹד Gn 46:16.

†אַרְדּוֹן S GK n.pr.m. son of Caleb, of tribe of Judah 1 Ch 2:18.

†אַרְוָד S GK n.pr.loc. city of Phenicia (Assyrian Aruada, etc. v. COT Gn 10:18 Dl ²⁸¹; G Ἀραδιοι; mod. Ruâd) on an island near main land, northward from Tripolis, mentioned with Sidon Ez 27:8, cf. 11.

†אַרְוָדִי S GK adj.gent. c. art. as n.coll. (Assyrian Arudai, etc. COT) mentioned among Canaanites, הָאַרְוָדִי Gn 10:18 = 1 Ch 1:16.

†אֲרִידַי n.pr.m. a son of Haman Est 9:9 (Pers., perhaps = haridayas, delight of Hari, v. Add Thes⁷²; but text very uncertain; cf. diff. tradition as to the names in G).

†אֲרִידָ֑תָא S GK n.pr.m. a son of Haman Est 9:8 (Pers., perhaps = Hari-dâta, given by Hari, v. ib., but G Φαραδαθα).

†I. [אָרָה S TWOT GK] vb. pluck, gather (Ethiopic አረየ (˒araya))—Qal Pf. 1 s. אָרִיתִי Ct 5:1; 3 pl. sf. וְאָרוּהָ ψ 80:13 pluck (grapes from) vine ψ 80:13, myrrh Ct 5:1.

†אֲרִי S TWOT GK n.m. Pr 28:15 lion (Assyrian aria, Ethiopic አርዌ (˒arwe) wild beast, cf. also אַרְיֵה infr.)—אֲרִי Am 3:12 + 13 times + 2 S 23:20 Qr (Kt אריה), La 3:10 (id.) + ψ 22:17 (כָּֽאֲרִי for wh. read כארו = כָּרוּ cf. De Pe Che crit. note); pl. אֲרָיִים 1 K 10:20; אֲרָיוֹת (also m.) Zp 3:3 + 16 times (f. Je 51:38? but cf. Ju 14:5);—lion, lit. in narrative Ju 14:5 1 S 17:34, 36, 37 2 S 23:20 = 1 Ch 11:22 2 K 17:25, 26 Pr 22:13; 26:13 Ct 4:8 cf. Am 3:12; 5:19; lion-images 1 K 7:29⁽⁾, 36; 10:19, 20 = 2 Ch 9:18, 19; in comparison Nu 23:24; 24:9 Ju 14:18 Is 38:13 Je 51:38 2 S 1:23 Ez 22:25 La 3:10; metaph. Na 2:12 Zp 3:3 Je 50:17 Ez 19:2, 6 Pr 28:15. For כארי ψ 22:17 read כארו, cf. above. Cf. also אַרְיֵה.

†[אֻרְיָה S TWOT GK^, ] n.f. manger, crib (Aramaic אוּרְיָא, ܐܽܘܪܝܳܐ (˒uryo), Arabic آرِىٌّ (˒āriyyun) stall, etc., Assyrian urû Dl ^{i. 211})—Pl. אֻרָוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 (Aramaic form for אֳרָוֹת; cf. Lag ¹⁷²); cstr. אֻרְוֹת 1 K 5:6, אֻֽרְיוֹת 2 Ch 9:25;—crib of horses 1 K 5:6 (app. in enumeration of horses themselves, Eng. head, or span, cf. also 2 Ch 9:25 with 1 K 10:26; so Th MV, but text here dub. cf. Klo), hence 2 Ch 9:25; of any animals (כל־בהמה) 2 Ch 32:28 (on לַאֲ׳ v. Add.). Vulg.Ar. آرِيٌّ (˒āriyyun) = manger Moḥiṭ^{19, 15} (GFM, privately), cf. Lane⁵¹ . Also pl. אֲוֵרוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 b (read prob. וְאֻרָות לָעֲדָרִים G B Kit Benz al.).

†אַרְיֵה S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. Am 3:8 lion (T id. Syriac ܐܰܪܝܳܐ (˒aryo), cf. also אֲרִי supr.)—only sg. as above Am 3:4 + 44 times + 2 S 23:20 Kt (Qr אֲרִי) La 3:10 (id.);—lion, lit. in narrative Ju 14:8⁽⁾, 9 2 S 23:20 1 K 13:24⁽⁾, 25, 26, 28 (c. עמדים text error according to Klo) 28; 20:36⁽⁾ cf. Is 11:7; 35:9; 65:25; in simile Gn 49:9 2 S 17:10 ψ 7:3; 10:9; 17:12; 22:14 Is 21:8; 31:4 Je 2:30; 12:8; 49:19; 50:44 La 3:10 (Kt) Ez 1:10; 10:14 1 Ch 12:8 Ho 11:10 Jo 1:6 Mi 5:7, cf. Am 3:4, 8 Ec 9:4; metaph. Gn 49:9 Dt 33:22 Jb 4:10 ψ 22:22 Is 15:9 Je 4:7; 5:6 Na 2:12⁽⁾, 13.

†אַרְיֵה S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. so appar. 2 K 15:25 an officer of Pekahiah, but c. art. הָאַרְיֵה, & on text with possible corruption & dittography v. Klo.

i. †אֲרִיאֵל S^, TWOT GK^{, ,} 1. n.pr.f. (Ew; v. p. 1120) Ariel (lioness of Ēl) name applied to Jerusalem Is 29:1⁽⁾, 2⁽⁾, 7 (so Ges Ew Che Di al.; T De Brd Or al. say hearth of Ēl, cf. אֲרִאֵיל). Du Is 29:1 (q.v.) makes 1 = אֲרִיאֵיל, from אָרָה + ל afform., hearth (not + אֵל hearth of †El). 2. n.pr.m. a chief man among returning exiles Ezr 8:16. 3. אֲרִאֵל מוֹאָב 2 S 23:20 = אֲרִיאֵל מ׳ 1 Ch 11:22 taken by G RV Dr al. as n.pr.m., read two sons of Ariel of Moab; RS ^{i. 469} comp. אראל MI 12, altar-hearth (so Sm & So, and Dr ^xci, v. sub אֲרִיאֵיל) and transl. א׳ מוֹאָב altar-hearths of Moab. 4. Ez 43:15 & Qr v 15, 16 vid. sub אֲרִאֵיל.

†אַרְאֵלִי S GK^, n.pr.m. (app. n.gent. from foregoing, but G Nu 26:17 Ἀριηλ (Gn 46:16 Ἀροηλεις, Ἀροηδις, Ἀπηδεις) = foregoing) a son of Gad Gn 46:16 Nu 26:17; also adj.gent. c. art. as n.pr.coll. Nu 26:17 מִשְׁפַּחַת הָאַרְאֵלִי G Ἀριηλει.

†[אֶרְאֵל S TWOT GK] n.[m.] (form & meaning dub. v. infr.)—only in אֶרְאֶלָּם Is 33:7; Ges אַרְאֵלִם heroes; cf. Thes Kn Che; Hi אֲרִאֵלָם; cf. De, who der. from אֲרִיאֵל, lit. = lion of God, coll. c. sf., & transl. their heroes; n.gent. from אֲרִיאֵל = Zion Nbr^{Athen. 1886, p. 400} cf. Say^{ib. 466}; Ew אַרְאָל = אַרְעָל trembling, cf. Di. Brd proposes הילילו ‘cry pitifully.’ S T al. read some form of ראה, G ירא. Wholly uncertain.

II. ארה TWOT (burn, cf. Arabic أَرَى (˒arā) whence إِرَةٌ (˒iratun) hearth; Ew ^{163 g} al. v. infr.)

ii. †אֲרִאֵיל n.[m.] hearth, altar-hearth (G Ἀριηλ; from ארה with ל aff. according to Ew ^{163 g} Ol ²²⁰ Sm Ez 43:15 Di Is 29:1 al.; but this formation very rare & here dub.; T Hi De Brd Or Is 29:1 der. from אל + ארי = hearth of Ēl, v. also RS ^{i. 469}, who thinks of pillar-altars; cf. אראלדודה MI¹² v. Sm & So, and Dr ^xci)—אראיל Kt Ez 43:15, 16; (Qr אֲרִיאֵל); = הַרְאֵל v 15 (Vrss Co אריאל), all c. art.,—of altar-hearth in Ezekiel’s temple.

†[אֲרוּמָה S GK] n.pr.loc. home of Abimelek (Thes Add sub ארם) Ju 9:41 בָּארוּמָה, prob. = רוּמָה 2 K 23:36, cf. Jer Lag ^{146, 2nd ed. 178}. It must have lain near Shechem; identified by MV al. with El ˓Ormah, 2 hours SE. from Shechem (vandeVelde^{Reisen ii. 268}), but this place not otherwise known; cf. Survey^{ii. 387}.

†אֲרַוְנָה S GK n.pr.m. Araunah, a Jebusite—א׳ 2 S 24:20⁽⁾, 21, 22, 23⁽⁾ (but read עֶבֶד אֲדֹוֹנִי cf. We Dr) v 23, 24; Kt גֹּרֶן האורנה v 16 (Qr הָאֲרַוְנָה) c. art. but cf. Dr; Kt ג׳ ארניה v 18 (Qr אֲרַוְנָה); = אָרְנָן (q.v.) 1 Ch 21:15 f; G in S & Ch Ὀρνα.

ארז TWOT (cf. Arabic أَرَزَ (˒araza) be firm, also withdraw, retreat).

†אֶ֫רֶז S TWOT GK n.m. Ez 17:23 cedar;—f. Ez 17:22 א׳ הָרָמָה, but del. הרמה G Co;—(Arabic أَرْزٌ (˒arzun) pine-tree, etc.; Ethiopic አርዝ (˒arz) Syriac ܐܰܪܙܳܐ (˒arzo))—א׳ abs. Lv 14:4 + 19 times, אָ֑רֶז Jb 40:17 + 6 times; pl. אֲרָזִים Is 9:9 + 35 times; cstr. אַרְזֵי Is 2:13 + 5 times; sf. אֲרָזֶיךָ Je 22:7 Zc 11:1; אֲרָזָיו Is 37:24 = 2 K 19:23;— 1. cedar-tree, (a) as growing Nu 24:6 ψ 148:9 Is 41:19; 44:14 cf. Ez 31:8; especially as growing on Lebanon 1 K 5:13; 2 K 14:9 = 2 Ch 25:18 (both in fable of Jehoash); often אַרְזֵי (הַ)לְּבָנוֹן Ju 9:15 Is 2:13; 14:8 ψ 29:5⁽⁾ (fig.) 104:16, cf. 1 K 5:20 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24 ψ 92:13 Ct 5:15 Ez 27:5 (sg. coll.) Zc 11:1, 2 (fig.); Ct 1:17 Ezr 3:7 Je 22:23 (fig.) Ez 17:3 (fig.); (b) especially in sim., of outward power, stateliness & majesty ψ 80:11 (א׳ אֵל) cf. Ez 31:3 (personif., but v. Co on text), Am 2:9; of individuals Je 22:7 ψ 92:13 Ez 17:22, 23; cf. other exx. of fig. use, supr.; sim. of straightness & strength Jb 40:17 (tail of hippopotamus). 2. cedar-timber, cedar-wood for building, עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים 2 S 5:11 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:10; 9:11 1 Ch 14:1; 22:4⁽⁾ 2 Ch 2:7 Ezr 3:7; without עֵץ 2 S 7:2, 7 1 K 6:9, 15, 16, 18⁽⁾, 20, 36; 7:2⁽⁾, 3, 7, 11, 12; 10:27 1 Ch 17:1, 6 2 Ch 1:15; 2:2; 9:27 & Ct 8:9 Is 9:9 Je 22:14, 15 (cf. also Is 44:14 1 K 5:20 Ez 27:5 supr.) 3. cedar-wood used in purifications, c. עֵץ Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 Nu 19:6 (all P).

†אַרְזָה S TWOT GK n.f.coll. cedar-panels, cedar-work Zp 2:14.

†[אָרוּז S TWOT GK] adj. firm, strong (cf. Arabic أَرَزَ (˒araza) supr.) אֲרֻזִים Ez 27:24.

†מֵרוֹז S GK n.pr.loc. Meroz, in northern Palestine Ju 5:23 (expl. as = מֶאֱ וֹז, مَأْرَز (ma˒raz) retreat by Thes MV al.)

†אָרַח S^, TWOT GK^, vb. wander, journey, go (Ph. ארח in מארח, prob. = מְאָרֵחַ cf. Ethiopic መርሐ (marḥa) lead, conduct, v. Nö ^{1888, 472}; epithet of god Eshmun, Sab. ארחֿ DHM ^{p. 70}, Aramaic אוֹרֵחַ, ܐܳܪܚܳܐ (˒orḥo) traveller)—Qal Pf. וְאָרַח consec. Jb 34:8; Pt. אֹרֵחַ Ju 19:17 +; pl. אֹרְחִים Je 9:1;— 1. journey, go, c. עִם fig. of association, companionship Jb 34:8 וְא׳ לְחֶבְרָה עִם־פֹּעֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן וְלָלֶכֶת עִם־אַנְשֵׁי־רֶֽשַׁע׃ (cf. also הלך ψ 1:1). 2. Pt. wandering, wayfaring, journeying, הָאִישׁ הָאֹרֵחַ Ju 19:17; as subst. wanderer, wayfarer, traveller אֹרֵחַ 2 S 12:4 (|| הֵלֶךְ), Je 14:8 (|| גֵּר, in sim. of י׳); מְלוֹן אֹרְחִים wayfarers’ lodging-place Je 9:1.

†אֹ֫רַח S TWOT GK n.m. Jb 6:18 (f. Pr 15:19) way, path (Assyrian urḫu COT, Aramaic אֹרַח, ܐܽܘܪܚܳܐ (˒urḥo))—א׳ abs. ψ 19:6 +; cstr. Pr 4:18 +; sf. אָרְחִי Jb 19:8 ψ 139:3 < Inf. cstr.; pl. abs. אֳרָחוֹת Ju 5:6⁽⁾; cstr. אָרְחוֹת Jb 8:13 +; sf. אָרְחֹתָ֑י Jb 13:27; 33:11; אָרְחוֹתָם Jo 2:7 אֹ׳ Pr 9:15; אָרְחֹתֵיהֶם Pr 2:15; also אֹרְחֹתָיו Is 2:3 +; אֹרְחֹתֶיךָ ψ 119:15 + etc.;—way, path (in Heb. mostly poet.) 1. lit. Ju 5:6⁽⁾ song of Deb. (alone = highways, opp. א׳ עֲקַלְקַלּוֹת crooked (by-) paths; cf. also הֹלְכֵי נְתִיבוֹת ib.); Is 33:8 עֹבֵר א׳ = wayfarer (|| מְסִלּוֹת), v. also Gn 49:17 (blessing of Jacob) (|| דֶּרֶךְ) & הַמְיַשְּׁרִים אֹרְחוֹתָם those who make straight their ways (|| עֹבְרֵי דָ֑רֶךְ) Pr 9:15, בּוֹא א׳ go (tread) a path Is 41:3; of course of locusts Jo 2:7 לֹא יְעַבְּטוּן א׳ they confuse not their paths (|| דְּרָכָיו); א׳ יַמִּים paths of the seas ψ 8:9; רוּץ אֹרַח run along a path, fig. of sun ψ 19:6. 2. fig. path, way, of course & fortunes of life Jb 8:13; 13:27 = 33:11; 19:8 (|| נְתִיבוֹת) ψ 139:3 (|| רִבְעִי (Inf. cstr. of II. רבע), not דרכי, cf. Bae) 142:4 (|| נְתִיבָה Pr 3:6 (|| דֶּרֶךְ) 4:18; 15:19 (both || id.) Is 26:7 (|| מַעְגָּל) so דֶּרֶךְ אֹרְחֹתֶיךָ Is 3:12; plain or even path א׳ מִישׁוֹר ψ 27:11; in two cases with a special ref. (1) אֹרַח כַּנָּשִׁים Gn 18:11 (J) of menstruation; (2) אֹרַח לֹא אָשׁוּב אֶהֱלֹךְ a path (which) I shall not return, I am going Jb 16:22 i.e. to Sh^e˒ôl, cf. Assyrian name of lower world irṣit lâ târat, land without return, v. Jr ¹⁰, ⁶⁵. 3. fig. way, of mode of living, or of character Jb 34:11 (|| פֹּעַל) ψ 119:9. Specif.: a. ways of י׳, his mode of action ψ 25:10; b. of man’s righteousness, called ways of י׳ ψ 25:4 (|| דְּרָכִים) 44:19; 119:15 (|| פִּקּוּדִים) Is 2:3 = Mi 4:2 (|| דְּרָכִים) cf. א׳ מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ Is 26:8; also way of justice, uprightness, etc. א׳ מִשְׁפָּט Pr 2:8 (|| דֶּרֶךְ) 17:23 Is 40:14 (|| דֶּרֶךְ), א׳ ישֶׁר Pr 2:13 (|| id.), א׳ צְדָקָה 8:20 (|| נְתִיבוֹת), 12:28 (|| דֶּרֶךְ נְתִיבָה); so אֹרַח alone Is 30:11 (|| דֶּרֶךְ) Pr 15:10; note especially אֹרַח חַיִּים, path of life, in righteousness & enjoyment of God ψ 16:11 Pr 2:19; 5:6; 15:24 (opp. שְׁאוֹל), also א׳ לְחַיִּים 10:17 (on these cf. Str Pr 14:32); c. of wickedness, א׳ פָּרִיץ way, path of the violent ψ 17:4, cf. also Pr 22:25; א׳ רְשָׁעִים Pr 4:14 (|| דֶּרֶךְ), א׳ בֹּצֵעַ 1:19; sq. abstr. א׳ שָׁ֑קֶר ψ 119:104, so v 128 (|| פִּקּוּדִים), also c. adj. א׳ רָע ψ 119:101 cf. Pr 2:15 (עִקְּשִׁים crooked) called הָא׳ עוֹלָם Jb 22:15; note also א׳ אֵידָם their destructive ways, i.e. ways that cause destruction Jb 30:12 (cf. 19:12). 4. by meton. traveller, wayfarer Jb 31:32 (cf. הֵלֶךְ 2 S 12:4) & in pl. caravans 6:18, 19; but read perhaps לָאֹרֵחַ 31:32, אֹרְחוֹת 6:18 (v. לָפַת), 19.

†אָרַח S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. (traveller?) 1. a man of Asher 1 Ch 7:39. 2. head of a family of returning exiles Ezr 2:5 = Ne 7:10; perhaps = אָרַ֑ח Ne 6:18.

†אֲרֻחָה S TWOT GK n.f. meal, allowance (of food) abs. Je 40:5; cstr. אֲרֻחַת יָרָק Pr 15:17 a portion of herbs, i.e. a slender meal; elsewhere of allowance given to captive king Jehoiachin, א׳ תָּמִיד a continual allowance 2 K 25:30 = Je 52:34; אֲרֻחָתוֹ ib. = id.

†[אֹרְחָה S TWOT GK] n.f. travelling company, caravan (strictly Pt. of אָרַח), cstr. אֹרְחַת Gn 37:25; pl. cstr. אֹרְחוֹת Is 21:13; cf. also sub אֹרַח, 4.

אֲרִיאֵל S^, TWOT GK^{, ,} , אֲרִיאֵיל etc., v. I. & II. ארה.

†אַרְיוֹךְ S GK †אֲרִיסַי S GK n.pr.m. son of Haman Est 9:9; Αρσαιος n.pr.m. king of Ellasar Gn 14:1, 9, ally of Chedorlaomer in his western foray (prob. = Rim-Aku, Elamite king of Larsa = Ellasar; cf. COT ^{ii. 297 f.})—אֲרִיסַי. On Rim-Aku ( = Eri-Aku ?), v. now also Dr ^{Gn. 156 ff.}; Zim ³⁶⁷ thinks identification very dubious.

†[אָרַךְ S TWOT GK, אָרֵךְ S TWOT GK] vb. be long, almost always of time (Assyrian arâku COT, Aramaic אֲרַךְ, ܐܶܪܰܟ (˒erak))—Qal Pf. אָֽרְכוּ Gn 26:8; Impf. יַאַרְכוּ Ez 12:22; 3 fpl. וַתֶּאֱרַכְנָה Ez 31:5 (del. B Co)—be long, subj. הַיָּמִים (i.e. a long time passed Gn 26:8 (J); cf. Assyrian urriku ûmî, days grew long, Creation Tablet^a v. COT Gn 1:1); of delayed fulfilment of prophecy Ez 12:22; subj. פֹּארֹת Ez 31:5 (but cf. supr.) Hiph. Pf. הֶאֱרִיךְ Pr 19:11; וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ֫ Dt 22:7, etc.; Impf. יַאֲרִיךְ Dt 17:20 +; יַאֲרִיכוּ Dt 25:15; יַאֲרִכוּן Ex 20:12 cf. Dt 5:16; 6:2; תַּאֲרִיכֻן Dt 4:26; 30:18, etc.; Imv. fs. הַאֲרִיכִי Is 54:2: Inf. cstr. הַאֲרִיךְ Nu 9:19, 22; Pt. מַאֲרִיךְ Ec 7:15; 8:12;— 1. trans. prolong, (a) obj. יָמִים (i.e. live long) Dt 4:26, 40; 5:30; 11:9; 17:20; 22:7; 30:18; 32:47 Jos 24:31 = Ju 2:7 (c. אַתֲרֵי = survive), Pr 28:16 Is 53:10 Ec 8:13; also (late) without ימים Ec 7:15; 8:12; (b) id. 1 K 3:14 י׳ subj. וְהַאֲרַכְתִּי אֶת־יָמֶיךָ I will prolong thy days; (c) postpone anger Is 48:9 cf. Pr 19:11 (i.e. shew oneself slow to anger); v. also Jb 6:11 אַאֲרִיךְ נַפְשִׁי i.e. be patient; (d) lit. (but in fig.) make long furrows (c. ל) ψ 129:3; tentcords Is 54:2; tongue 57:4 (stretch out in mockery). 2. intrans. grow long, continue long (i.e. display length or continuance), subj. יָמִים Ex 20:12 = Dt 5:16; 6:2; 25:15; tarry long Nu 9:19, 22 (subj. הֶעָנָן), last (continue) long, subj. כֵּן Pr 28:2; be long (lit.) of staves of ark 1 K 8:8 2 Ch 5:9.

אֹ֫רֶךְ S TWOT GK₉₄ n.[m.] length—only sg., א׳ abs. Ex 27:1 +; cstr. Gn 6:15; אָרְכּוֹ Ex 25:10 +; אָרְכָּם 2 Ch 3:11; אָרְכָּן Ez 42:11, etc.—a. length of ark Gn 6:15 (P), of land of Canaan 13:17 (J); most often of ark & other measurements in tabernacle & temple Ex 25:10, 17; 26:2, 8; 27:1, 9 + (22 times Ex, P), 1 K 6:2, 3, 20 + (13 times K & Ch), Ez 40:7, 11, 18 + (41 times Ez), etc. b. of time א׳ יָמִים Dt 30:20 Jb 12:12 ψ 21:5; 23:6; 91:16; 93:5 Pr 3:2, 16 La 5:20. c. א׳ אַפַּיִם forbearance, self-restraint, Pr 25:15.—(Ez 31:7 G S Co read רֹב for אֹרֶךְ, cf. v 5 where Co del. vb. ארך; 41:22 read prob. אדנו G Sm, or אדניו Co = base.)

†[אָרֵךְ S TWOT GK] adj. long—only cstr. אֶ֫רֶךְ Ex 34:6 + 14 times—א׳ הָאֵבֶר long of pinion Ez 17:3 (|| הַכְּנָפַיִם גְּדוֹל) of eagle, in metaph.; elsewhere always of feelings, as subst. Ec 7:8 א׳ רוּחַ the patient of spirit (opp. גְּבַהּ ר׳); א׳ אַפַּיִם one slow to anger Pr 14:29 (opp. קְצַר־רוּחַ), so 15:18 (opp. אִישׁ חֵמָה), 16:32 (|| משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ); more often of י׳, א׳ אַפַּיִם, Ex 34:6 רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן א׳ אַפַּיִם וְרַב־חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת cf. Nu 14:18 Ne 9:17 ψ 86:15; 103:8; 145:8; so + וְנִחָם עַל־הָרָעָה Jo 2:13 cf. Jon 4:2 (where אֵל), א׳ אַפַּיִם וּגְדוֹל כֹּחַ Na 1:3; לְאֶרֶךְ אַפְּךָ only Je 15:15, א׳ appar. noun; read אֹרֶךְ? cf. Pr 25:15.

†[אָרֹךְ S TWOT GK] adj. long—only fs. abs. אֲרֻכָּה;—a. of time, הַמִּלְחָמָה א׳ long war 2 S 3:1; of the exile Je 29:28; b. fig. of God’s wisdom א׳ מֵאֶרֶץ מִדָּהּ Jb 11:9 (|| רְחָבָה מִנִּי־יָם).

†אֲרוּכָה S TWOT GK n.f. healing of a wound, restoration (properly the new flesh that grows at the wounded spot, Arabic أَرِيكَةٌ (˒arīkatun); Fi ^{xiii. 114–6}, so Fl De on Is 58:8; v. also Di)—א׳ 2 Ch 24:13 Ne 4:1; אֲרֻכָה Je 30:17; 33:6; cstr. אֲרֻכַת Je 8:22; אֲרֻכָֽתְךָ Is 58:8;—always fig. a. healing, restoration of Israel Is 58:8, here c. vb. צָמַח, elsewhere c. עָלָה; Je 8:22 (|| רָפָא), c. עָלָה Hiph., subj. י׳, 30:17; 33:6 (|| id.) b. restoration of walls of temple 2 Ch 24:13, of walls of Jerusalem (cf. Fi supr.) Ne 4:1 (both c. עלה).

†אֶ֫רֶךְ S GK n.pr.loc. city in Babylonia (Bab. Uruk), mod. Warka on left bank of Euphrates, c. 40 miles NW. from Ur (אוּר) towards Babylon; cf. Loftus ^{162 f.} Dl ^{221 f.} Gn 10:10 (v. Ezr 4:9).

†אַרְכִּי S GK adj.gent. (deriv. unknown) applied to חוּשַׁי 2 S 15:32; 16:16; 17:5, 14 1 Ch 27:33; with art. = n. coll. גְּבוּל הָא׳ Jos 16:2 (not far from Bethel).

אֲרָם S TWOT GK₁₄₉ n.pr.m. Aram (Assyrian Aramu, etc., v. Dl ²⁵⁷; Thes al. proposes √ארם = רום but cf. Nö as below)— 1. 5th son of Shem Gn 10:22, 23 1 Ch 1:17. 2. grandson of Nahor Gn 22:21. 3. 1 Ch 2:23. 4. a descendant of Asher 1 Ch 7:34.—Elsewhere only of Aramæan people & land ( = 1 supr.), f. 2 S 8:5 m. 2 S 10:14. a. people, sg. coll. = the Aramæans, a leading branch of the Shemitic stock inhabiting Mesopotamia & northern Syria, in many tribes & settlements; 2 S 8:5⁽⁾, 6 + 1 K 20:20, 21 + 1 Ch 19:10, 12 + (64 times S K Ch) Am 9:7 Is 7:2, 4, 5, 8; 9:11; 17:3 Je 35:11; so Ez 16:57; 27:16, but Co in both אדום; עַם אֲרָם Am 1:5; of particular divisions of Aramaic, א׳ בית רְחוֹב 2 S 10:6, א׳ צוֹבָא 2 S 10:6, 8 ψ 60:2 (title), א׳ דַּמֶּשֶׂק 2 S 8:5 cf. 1 Ch 18:5, even א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ψ 60:2 (title); (note that Assyrian never gives name Aramu to people W. of Euphrates, but Chatti instead, with other particular names, COT Gn 10:22, also Dl ); on 2 S 8:12, 13 1 Ch 18:11 v. אֱדוֹם. b. less often clearly of land, Aramaic Nu 23:7 2 S 15:8 + 2 Ch 20:2 (read however here אדום Thes Add al.), שְׂדֵה א׳ Ho 12:13; also of particular divisions of the territory א׳ נַהֲרַיִם ‘Mesopotamia,’ i.e. prob. land between Euphrates & Chaboras, so Di after Kiep, Gn 24:10 Dt 23:5 Ju 3:8 (cf. ψ 60:2 supr.); cf. פַּדַּן א׳ Paddan-Aram Gn 25:20; 31:18; 33:18; 35:9, 26; 46:15, פַּדֶּ֫נָה א׳ 28:2, 5, 6, 7 v. פדן; א׳ דַּמֶּשֶׂק 2 S 8:6 cf. 1 Ch 18:6. c. often indeterminate, especially in מֶלֶךְ א׳ etc., perhaps primarily land but often including people: so Ju 2:10; 10:6 (אֱלֹהֵי א׳) 1 K 10:29 + 2 Ch 1:17 + (41 times K & Ch) Is 7:1.—(Cf. especially Nö^{Schenkel BL, 1871, 113; Hermes 3, 443 f.} Dl ²⁵⁷.)

†אֲרַמִּי S GK adj.gent. Aramæan, c. art. הָא׳ Gn 25:20⁽⁾; 28:5; 31:20, 24 2 K 5:20; of Israel א׳ אֹבֵד Dt 26:5; pl. אֲרַמִּים 2 K 8:28, 29 (|| אֲרָם) 9:15 (|| id.); הָרַמִּים ( = הָא׳) 2 Ch 22:5 (|| id.); פִּילַגְשׁוֹ הָאֲרַמִּיָּה 1 Ch 7:14 his Aramæan concubine.—(ארומים Kt 2 K 16:6 read rather Qr אֲדוֹמִים.)

†אֲרָמִית adv. only of language in Aramaic 2 K 18:26 = Is 36:11 Ezr 4:7⁽⁾ Dn 2:4.

ארם TWOT (√ of following; cf. רום?).

†אַרְמוֹן S TWOT GK n.m. Is 32:14 citadel—א׳ abs. Je 30:18 +; cstr. Is 25:2; pl. אַרְמְנוֹת abs. Am 3:9⁽⁾; cstr. 1:4 +; אַרְמְנוֹתֵינוּ Mi 5:4 +, etc.—citadel, castle, palace, not used before royal period, mostly in prophets, especially common in Am & Je; citadel as securely barred (in sim.) Pr 18:19; א׳ בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ i.e. the citadel, stronghold 1 K 16:18, cf. 2 K 15:25; usually more general, of castles, palaces, prominent buildings; especially used in speaking of conquest, because the fine buildings would be especially object of attack & plunder, palaces of Isr. Am 6:8; of Jerusalem Is 32:14 (sg. coll.) La 2:5, 7 2 Ch 36:19 ψ 48:4, 14; 122:7 cf. Ho 8:14 Mi 5:4 Am 2:5 Je 17:27; of Samaria Am 3:10, 11; also Je 6:5; 9:20 belonging to Benhadad (i.e. Aramaic) Am 1:4 Je 49:27; of Tyre Is 23:13 Am 1:10; of Babylon Is 25:2 (sg. coll.), cf. 13:22 where read אַרְמְנוֹתָיו for אלמנותיו so S T B Che Di (|| היכלים; cf. Ez 19:7 according to T al.; Dl ^xi defends MT in Ez 19:7 & comp. Assyrian almattu, fortress); of Edom Is 34:13, of Gaza Am 1:7, of Rabbah 1:14, of Bozrah 1:12, of Kerioth 2:2, of Ashdod 3:9, of Egypt 3:9.

†אַרְמֹנִי S GK n.pr.m. a son of Saul (palatinus) 2 S 21:8.

I. ארן TWOT^, (cf. Arabic أَرِنَ (˒arina) alacer, lœtus fuit; possible √ of following).

†אֲרָן S GK n.pr.m. a descendant of Esau (? Aramaic ܐܰܪܢܳܐ (˒arno) wild-goat) Gn 36:28 = 1 Ch 1:42 (v. also דִּישָׁן).

†i. אֹ֫רֶן S^, TWOT GK^, n.[m.] fir or cedar (Assyrian erinu COT, Mish. pl. ארנים) Is 44:14 (|| אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אַלּוֹן, עֲצֵי יַעַר).

†ii. אֹ֫רֶן S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. (fir-tree) a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 2:25.

†ארנבן S^, GK n.pr.loc. whence wine, so Co Ez 27:19 for MT וְדָן וְיָוָן; cf. Assyrian wine of Aranabanim.

†אַרְנָן S GK n.pr.m. a descendant of David 1 Ch 3:21.

†אָרְנָן S GK n.pr.m. a Jebusite, whose threshing-floor was bought by David to erect an altar 1 Ch 21:15, 18, 20⁽⁾, 21⁽⁾, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, & according to 2 Ch 3:1 became site of temple; called אֲרַוְנָה 2 S 24:16 f. q.v.

†אַרְנוֹן S GK, אַרְנֹן n.pr.fl. Arnon, wady & stream in Moab (MI ארנן, Thes Add Rob Ges MV der. from רנן, i.e. the rushing, roaring stream)—אַרְנוֹן Nu 21:13⁽⁾, 14 + 12 times, אַרְנֹן Nu 21:28 + 10 times—called boundary between Moab & Amorites Nu 21:13 Ju 11:18, 22 cf. גְּבוּל אַרְנֹן Nu 22:36; often נַחַל אַרְנֹן Dt 2:24, 36; 3:8, 12, 16; 4:48 2 K 10:33; נ׳ אַרְנוֹן Jos 12:1, 2; 13:9, 16; הַנְּחָלִים אַרְנוֹן Nu 21:14; i.e. the stream-ravines that unite to form Arnon, cf. Di: also בַּמוֹת אַרְנֹן heights of Arnon Nu 21:28; מעברות אַרְנוֹן fords of Arnon Is 16:2; elsewhere Nu 21:13, 24, 26 Ju 11:13, 18, 26; syn. of Moab Je 48:20; (cf. Tristr^{Moab 125 f.}; mod. Môjib)

II. ארן TWOT^, (√ assumed for foll. word, cf. Sta ^{208 c}; Dl ¹²⁵ argues for √ ארה (so Thes), on ground of an Assyrian êrû, synon. of êrênu.)

אֲרוֹן S TWOT GK, c. art. הָאָרוֹן, הָאָרֹן₂₀₃ n.m. Ex 35, 12 (f. 1 S 4, 17; 2 Ch 8, 11) chest, ark (Ph. ארן, sarcophagus, Assyrian êrênu (& êrû) chest Zim ^{6, 22}, Arabic إِرَانٌ (˒irānun) chest, so Aramaic ܐܰܪܽܘܢܳܐ (˒aruno) also Nab. ארנא, Vog ^{p. 102}, Ph. Mish. also pl. ארונות)—only sg.; abs. †אֲרוֹן 2 K 12:10 = 2 Ch 24:8; c. art. הָאָרוֹן Dt 10:2 + always except Ex Lv Nu where הָאָרֹן (Ex 25:14⁽⁾ + 13 times Ex, Lv 16:2 Nu 3:31; 10:35); cstr. אֲרוֹן Ex 25:10 +, †אֲרֹן Ex 30:6 Nu 4:5; 7:89;—† 1. chest, for money-offerings 2 K 12:10, 11 2 Ch 24:8, 10, 11⁽⁾. † 2. sarcophagus, mummy-case, of Joseph Gn 50:26 (E). 3. chest, ark in tabernacle & temple, containing tables of law, with cherubim above, the especially seat of י׳ among his people, only Hex (71 times) S (61 times) K (12 times) & Ch (48 times) + Ju 20:27 Je 3:16 ψ 132:8; used alone & in various combinations (cf. Seyring ^{1891, 114 f.}). a. indef. אֲרוֹן עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים an ark of shittim-wood Ex 25:10 Dt 10:3 cf. v 1. b. def. הָא׳ Ex 25:14 + 54 times (Hex P, except Jos JE; S K Ch). c. א׳ יהוה Jos 4:11 + 32 times Jos (JED) S K Ch. d. א׳ אֱלֹהִים †1 S 3:3; 4:11; א׳ הָאֱלֹהִים 1 S 4:13 + 32 times S Ch (but 1 S 14:18⁽⁾ read הָאֵפוֹד G We Dr), cf. א׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ †1 Ch 13:3. e. א׳ אלהי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 S 5:7 + 6 times S, term used only by Philistines; א׳ יהוה אלהי יִשְׂרָאֵל †1 Ch 15:12, 14; א׳ יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם †Jos 4:5 (JE); א׳ אֲדֹנָי יהוה †1 K 2:26; א׳ יהוה אֲדוֹן כָּל־הָאָרֶץ †Jos 3:13 (JED) cf. אדון כל־הארץ [הברית] א׳ v 11, where הברית (c. art. is prob. interpol., v. Di; only once & late the long phrase א׳ האלהים יהוה יוֹשֵׁב הַכְּרוּבִים אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא־שֵׁם 1 Ch 13:6. f. in combination with בְּרִית, largely D & under D’s influence; ארון הַבְּרִית ark of the covenant †Jos 3:6⁽⁾, 8; 4:9; 6:6 (all JED); א׳ בְּרִית יהוה Nu 10:33; 14:44 (both J) Dt 10:8; 31:9, 25 Jos 4:7, 18; 6:8; 8:33 Je 3:16 + 17 times S K Ch; once longer א׳ בְּרִית י׳ צְבָאוֹת ישֵׁב הַכְּרֻבִים †1 S 4:4; also א׳ בְּרִית הָאֱלֹהִים †Ju 20:27 1 S 4:4 2 S 15:24 1 Ch 16:6; & א׳ בְּרִית י׳ אלהיכם Dt 31:26 Jos 3:3. g. אֲרוֹן הָעֵדוּת ark of the testimony, only in P, corresponding to א׳ בְּרִית (cf. Di on Ex 25:16), Ex 25:22 + 8 times Ex, †Nu 4:5; 7:89 Jos 4:16. h. †א׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ 2 Ch 35:3. i. א׳ עֻזֶּךָ֑ the ark of thy strength 2 Ch 6:41 ψ 132:8.—(Cf. also tables given by Seyringl.c. & his theory as to earliest designation of ark.)

אַרְנֶ֫בֶת S TWOT GK v. אנב.

ארניה v. אֲרַוְנָה.

†אַרְפַּד n.pr.loc. city in northern Syria (Assyrian Arpadda Dl ²⁷⁵)—א׳ Is 10:9 elsewhere אַרְפָּ֑ד; c. 15 miles N. of Aleppo, mod. Tel Erfâd; in OT only as conquered by Assyria, always named with Hamath, etc. 2 K 18:34; 19:13 = Is 36:19; 37:13 (on G Ῥαφέθ = Ἀρφάθ cf. Lag ⁷⁸), also Is 10:9 Je 49:23; (cf. Nö ^{1871, 258} Kiep^{ib. 655}.)

†אַרְפַּכְשַׁד S GK n.pr.m. 3rd son of Shem א׳ Gn 10:22, 24; 11:12, 13 1 Ch 1:17, 18, 24; אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֑ד Gn 11:10, 11; doubtless a geogr. name (deriv. & meaning dub., Thes der. from أُرْفَةٌ (˒urfatun) boundary (stem أَرَفَ (˒arafa) define, limit), cf. also Ethiopic አረፍት (˒araft) wall, + כשׁד = כֶּשֶׂד, i.e. Chaldean; so Schr Gn 10:22 who identifies with Babylonia (cf. Gn 11:12 f. & אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים v 28, 31); v. another interpr. Dl ²⁵⁵, according to most = Arrapachitis on Upper Zab, NE. from Nineveh, Assyrian Arbaḫa, Armen. Albak Lag ^{55 & reff.} so Bö MV, Di Gn 10:22 Lag ^{i. 54} Nö ^{1882, 182}; but Assyrian Arbaḫa is unfavourable to this).

אֶ֫רֶץ S TWOT GK₂₄₀₇ n.f. Gn 10:11 & (seld.) m. Ez 21:24 earth, land (Ph. MI ארץ, Assyrian irṣitu COT, Arabic أَرْضٌ (˒arḍun), Sab. ארץֿ e.g. Os 9 DHM ^{1875, 594, 614; Sem. Sprachf. 12}, cf. Prä ^{i. 374 n.}, Aramaic אֲרַע, ܐܰܪܥܳܐ (˒ar˓o))—א׳ abs. Gn 1:24 +; cstr. 2:11 +; אָ֑רֶץ 1:10 +; c. art. always הָאָ֫רֶץ 1:11 +; c. ה—ָloc. אַ֫רְצָה 11:31 +, (poet. = אָרֶץ Jb 34:13; cf. 1 S 25:23 1 K 1:31); sf. אַרְצִי 20:15 + אַרְצְךָ (אַרְצֶ֑ךָ) 12:1 +, etc.; pl. אֲרָצוֹת Je 28:8 + 65 times; cstr. אַרְצוֹת Ez 39:27 + 6 times; sf. אַרְצֹתָם Gn 10:5 + 2 times;— 1. a. earth, whole earth (opp. to a part) Gn 18:18, 25; 22:18 ( = הָאֲדָמָה 12:3) Je 25:26, 29, 30; 26:6 Is 37:16, 20 = 2 K 19:15, 19 Zc 4:10, 14 +. b. earth, opp. to heaven, sky Gn 1:2 Ex 20:4 Dt 5:8; 30:19 Ju 5:4 La 2:1 Is 37:16 = 2 K 19:15 ψ 146:6 1 Ch 21:16; 29:11 2 Ch 2:11 +; as permanent Ec 1:4; built on foundations, or pillars 1 S 2:8 ψ 104:5 Jb 38:4 Is 48:13; 51:13, 16 cf. also Is 24:18 ψ 82:5; firm, so that its shaking is something terrible, & token of terrible power 1 S 14:5 2 S 22:8 = ψ 18:8 Jb 9:6 cf. ψ 46:3 & v 7; so also Am 8:8 Is 2:19, 21; 24:18, 19, 20 ψ 60:4; 77:19; 99:1; 114:7; as hung on nothing Jb 26:7; with waters under it Ex 20:4 = Dt 5:8 cf. Gn 7:11; personified, especially as addressed, called to witness, etc. Dt 32:1 Je 6:19; 22:29 Is 1:2 Mi 1:2 Jb 16:18. c. earth = inhabitants of earth Gn 6:11; 11:1 1 K 2:2; 10:24 ψ 33:8; 66:4 + cf. תֵּבֵל א׳ Pr 8:31 Jb 37:12. 2. land = a. country, territory, א׳ שִׁנְעָר Gn 10:10, א׳ מִצְרַיִם 21:21; cf. also 10:11; 11:28, 31; 13:10; 47:6, 27; 50:8 Is 7:18; 23:1, 13; 27:13 ψ 78:12 Je 25:20 1 Ch 1:43; personif. Is 62:4 Ec 10:16, 17. b. district, region Gn 19:28; 22:2 Jos 11:3 ψ 42:7. c. tribal territory Dt 34:2 Ju 21:21 1 S 9:4, 16; 13:7 1 K 15:20 Is 8:23; and still smaller territories 1 S 9:4, 5. d. piece of ground Gn 23:15. e. specif. land of Canaan, or Israel Gn 11:31; 12:1, 5, 6, 7; 31:3 Lv 14:34 Dt 17:14; 18:9 2 K 5:2, 4 +; especially obj. of יָרַשׁ possess Dt 3:20 + often Dt ψ al.; so after נָחַל Jos 19:49 +; נָתַן Dt 1:21 +. f. = inhabitants of land Lv 19:29 Ez 14:13 + cf. Dt 24:4 Zc 12:12 etc. g. used even of Sh^e˒ôl Jb 10:21, 22 (cf. Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, v. Jr ^10.65); v. also ψ 139:15 Is 44:23. 3. a. ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה q.v. Gn 1:26, 30; 18:2; 33:3; 38:9 Ex 4:3; 16:14 Ru 2:10 1 S 5:4 + very often in S. b. soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה Gn 1:11, 12 Lv 19:9; 25:19; 26:4 cf. Nu 14:7, 8 Is 36:17 = 2 K 18:32 ψ 72:6, 16; 107:34, 35 Ezr 9:12 Ne 9:35. 4. אֶרֶץ in phrases: a. people of the land עַם־הָא׳ of non-Israelites Gn 23:7, 12, 13 (P) Nu 14:9 (JE); as well as Isr. Lv 20:4 (H) 2 K 15:5; 16:15; 21:24⁽⁾; especially common people, opp. officials, princes Lv 4:27 (P) Ez 7:27 2 K 11:18, 19. †b. in measurements of distance, כִּבְרַת הָא׳ the space or distance of country (v. כּברה) Gn 35:16, so כִּבְרַת א׳ some distance Gn 48:7 2 K 5:19. c. אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר the country of the plain, level or plain country Dt 4:33 Je 48:21; א׳ מִישׁוֹר fig. ψ 143:10 (but read אֹרַח S Bi Gr Che, cf. ψ 27:11). d. א׳חַיִּים land of the living ψ 27:13; א׳ הַחַיִּים ψ 142:6 +. e. קְצֵה הָא׳ end(s) of the earth Is 42:10; 43:6 (|| רָחוֹק) ψ 135:7 Pr 17:24, so אַפְסֵי א׳ Pr 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָא׳ Is 40:28; 41:5, 9. 5. pl. אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Je 16:15 + 6 times Je; 23 times Ez; Is 36:20; 37:11 = 2 K 18:35; 19:11 (Is 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם v. Che Di & cf. 2 K 19:17); 22 times Chr; Dn 9:7; 11:40, 42; ψ 105:44; 106:27; 107:3; 116:9; besides these only P Gn 10:5, 20, 31 Lv 26:36, 39, except Gn 26:3, 4 (J^R) 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., v. especially abs. Ez 20:32; 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel’s control Gn 26:3, 4, cf. 1 Ch 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Ch 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

†אַרְצָא S GK n.pr.m. chamberlain of Zimri 1 K 16:9.

[אָרַר S TWOT GK] vb. curse (Assyrian arâru Zim ⁶⁸; on relation of meanings bind & curse in Assyrian v. Dl ¹⁰¹)—Qal Pf. 1 s. וְאָרוֹתִ֫י, אָרוֹתִיהָ Mal 2:2; Impf. 2 ms. תָּאֹר Ex 22:27 Nu 22:6, 12; אָאֹר Gn 12:3; Imv. אָ֫רָה־ Nu 22:6; 23:7; אוֹרוּ, אֹרוּ & Inf. abs. אָרוֹר all Ju 5:23; Pt. אֹרְרֵי Jb 3:8; אֹרְרֶיךָ Gn 27:29 Nu 24:9; אָרוּר Gn 3:14 + 36 times etc.;—curse || בֵּרֵךְ bless, chiefly in poetic & legal sources of JED & later imitations: Gn 12:3; 27:29 (J) Nu 22:6, 12; 23:7; 24:9 (E) Ex 22:27 (E) Mal 2:2; אֹרוּ אָרוֹר ישְׁבֶיהָ = curse for ever her inhabitants Ju 5:23; אֹרְרֵי יוֹם cursers of the day (magicians whose imprecations made days unlucky) Jb 3:8. Pt. pass. אָרוּר, chiefly as exclamation, || בָּרוּךְ Gn 3:14, 17; 4:11; 9:25; 27:29; 49:7 Nu 24:9 (E, poet.) Dt 27:15–26 Ju 21:18 1 S 14:24, 28; 26:19 Je 11:3; 17:5; 20:14, 15; 48:10⁽⁾ Mal 1:14; אֲרוּרִים הַשֹּׁגִים מִמִּצְוֹתֶיךָ cursed be those who wander from thy commands ψ 119:21 (G S Jer De Ri), הָאֲרוּרָה הַזֹּאת this cursed woman 2 K 9:34. †Niph. Pt. נֵאָרִים cursed Mal 3:9. †Pi. Pf. 3 ms. sf. אֵרֲרָהּ curse, lay under a curse Gn 5:29 (J); Pt. הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרְרִים the curse-bringing waters Nu 5:18–27 (P 6 times waters destroying the perjured adulteress drinking them). †Hoph. Impf. יוּאָ֑ר be cursed Nu 22:6 (E).

†מְאֵרָה S TWOT GK n.f. a curse Dt 28:20 Mal 2:2; 3:9; cstr. מְאֵרַת Pr 3:33; pl. מְאֵרוֹת Pr 28:27.

אֲרָרִי S GK v. הֲרָרִי.

†אֲרָרַט S TWOT GK n.pr.terr. Ararat (Assyrian Urarṭu COT, cf. Lag ^{§ 100})—א׳ Je 51:27; אֲרָרָ֑ט Gn 8:4 + 3 times—a district in Eastern Armenia between the river Araxes & lakes Van & Oroomiah, cf. KGF; to this prob. ref. in 2 K 19:37 = Is 37:38 אֶרֶץ א׳; also Gn 8:4 הָרֵי א׳, where the ark rested; used perhaps with wider ref. Je 51:27 מַמְלְכוֹת א׳ (|| מִנִּי, אַשְׁכְּנַז).

†[אָרַשׂ S TWOT GK] vb. betroth (Mish. ארס, Ph. ארש in n.pr., Lag ^{i. 50} connects with Arabic أَرْشٌ (˒aršun) a fine, lit. pay the price, & so gain the right of possession; cf. Aramaic אָרִיס one who farms land; Assyrian mirsu, tribute, Zehnpf ^{i. 518})—only Pi. Pu.; Pi. Pf. 3 ms. אֵרַשׂ Dt 20:7; אֵרַשְׂתִּי 2 S 3:14; sf. אֵרַשְׂתִּיךְ Ho 2:21⁽⁾, 22; Impf. 2 ms. תְּאָרֵשׂ Dt 28:30;—betroth (subj. man) obj. woman, אִשָּׁה Dt 20:7; 28:30; sq. ב of price paid to father & ל of husband 2 S 3:14; ב of gift to bride & ל of husband Ho 2:21, 22, where fig. of Yahweh’s covenant mercy to Israel. Pu. Pf. 3 fs. אֹרָ֑שָׂה be betrothed, c. לֹא, subj. בְּתוּלָה Ex 22:15 Dt 22:28 (נער בתולה); Pt. f. מְאֹרָשָׂה Dt 22:23, where affirmed of נער בתולה (sq. ל of husband) v 25, 27 (in both subj. הַנַּעֲרָ֯).

ארשׁ (to desire, request. Assyrian erêšu Dl ⁵⁵).

†אֲרֶ֫שֶׁת S TWOT GK n.f. desire, request (Assyrian êrištu Dl) only cstr. א׳ שְׂפָתָיו ψ 21:3 (|| תַּאֲוַת לִבּוֹ) request granted by י׳.

אֹרֹת v. II. אוֹרָה.

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא S GK n.pr.m. Artaxertex (Pers. Artakhshatrâ, Spieg ^{68, 207} G Ἀρταξερξης, cf. BeRy on Ezr 4:23; 7:1 f. Ne 1:1) א׳ Ezr 4:7 v. BD ¹⁰²; אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא Ezr 4:7, 23, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא Ezr 7:1, 11; 8:1 Ne 2:1; 5:14; 13:6; Artaxerxes I, or Longimanus, son & successor of Xerxes, regined b.c. 465–424.

†אֲשַׂרְאֵל S GK n.pr.m. a descendant of Judah 1 Ch 4:16 (the latter element in this & foll. may be אֵל God, but meaning of former part dub. Thes comp. אסר bind, quem Deus obligavit sc. voto).

†אֲשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה S GK n.pr.m. a son of Asaph 1 Ch 25:2 cf. יְשַׂרְאֵ֫לָה v 14.

†אַשְׂרִיאֵל S GK n.pr.m. a Manassite (Thes votum Dei, cf. supr.) Nu 26:31 Jos 17:2 1 Ch 7:14.

†אַשְׂרִאֵלִי S GK adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. Nu 26:31

אֵשׁ S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^, ₃₇₇ n.f. Ex 9:23 (m. Je 48:45; ψ 104·4; f. & m. Je 20:9; Jb 20:26) אֵשׁ ‘m.’ is dub.: Nu 16:18 read עָלֶיהָ for 2nd עֲלֵיהֶם (G^B); Je 20:9 v. Ges ^{132 d}; 48:45 read (many MSS., Nu 21:28) יצאה; ψ 104:4 read perhaps (Ol) לֹהֵֽטָה׃ or (Kenn) וָלָֽהַט׃; Jb 20:26 v. Ges ^{145 u (or 121 b)}: cf. Albr ^{xvi (1896), 63}. fire (Assyrian išatu COT, Syriac ܐܶܫܳܬܳܐ (˒ešoto), እሳት (˒əsāt) deriv. from ii. אנשׁ,أَنَسَ (˒anasa), sociable, friendly element (MV Wetzst in De ^{Psalmen, ed. 4, p. 888} Lag ⁶⁸ cf. انيسة, مانوسة (˒nyst, m˒nwst)), improb. especially in view of Assyrian; daghesh prob. secondary; cf. also Sta ^{189 b})—א׳ abs. Ex 9:24 +; cstr. Lv 6:2 + (seld.); †sf. אִשּׁוֹ Dt 4:36 Jb 18:5; אֶשְׁכֶם Is 50:11; אִשָּׁם Is 66:24;— 1. fire, of conflagration, e.g. in briers, endangering or destroying crops תֵּצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָֽצְאָה קֹצִים Ex 22:5 cf. 3:2 הַסְּנֶה בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ (both E); more often of deliberate destruction by fire, especially שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ (בָּ c. qam. preton.) obj. golden calf Ex 32:20 (J), other idols Dt 7:5, 25, Asherim 12:3, chariots Jos 11:6, 9 2 K 23:11, house Ju 12:1; 14:15, tower 9:52, city-gates Ne 1:3; 2:3, 13, 17, city Jos 6:24 Ju 18:27 cf. Is 1:7 +; also שִׁלַּח אֵשׁ בְּ Am 1:4, 7, 10 +; שִׁלַּח אֶת־הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ †Ju 1:8; 20:48 cf. 2 K 8:12; הִצִּית אֶת־הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ Jos 8:8, 19 הצ׳ אֵשׁ ב׳ Je 17:27 +; cf. Ju 9:49 2 S 14:30, 31 (of field, cf. Ex 22:5 supr.). 2. of supernatural fire, attending theophany Ex 3:2; 19:18 (both JE) Dt 4:11, 12, 15, 33, 36 +; specif. עַמּוּד (הָ)אֵשׁ Ex 13:21, 22; 14:24 (all JE) Ne 9:12, 19 cf. Dt 1:33 (v. מַרְאֵה־אֵשׁ Nu 9:15, 16 P); of destructive fire from י׳ Nu 11:1, 2, 3 (J) 26:10 (P) Lv 10:2 (P); cf. א׳ אֹכֶלֶת in sim. of Yahweh’s glory Ex 24:17 (E) Dt 4:24; 9:3; v. also 1 K 18:24, 38 2 K 1:10⁽⁾, 12⁽⁾, 14 Jb 1:16 (perhaps lightning intended), cf. further of lightning Ex 9:23, 24 (JE) ψ 18:13, 14; 148:8 etc. 3. fire for cooking, roasting, parching, etc. צְלִי אֵשׁ roasted at a fire Ex 12:8, 9 (P) cf. Lv 2:14 2 Ch 35:13 Is 44:16, 19; of tinder for lighting fire Gn 22:6, 7 (E); of fire for melting (gold for the idolatrous calf) Ex 32:24; for refining Je 6:29, where read with Qr מֵאֵשׁ תַּם עֹפָֽרֶת; cf. Mal 3:2 (sim. of purifying work of messenger of cov’t). 4. especially of altar-fire Lv 1:7⁽⁾; 6:2, 3, 5, 16 +; in offering incense Lv 10:1, also אֵשׁ זָרָה strange fire, i.e. an incense not commanded, offered presumptuously 10:1 Nu 3:4; 26:61; fire from י׳ consuming sacrifice (cf. 2 Lv 9:24 2 Ch 7:1, 3; of fire in child-sacrifice (usually (לְ) הֶעֱבִיר בֵּן בָּאֵשׁ) 2 K 16:3 ; 21:6 cf. 17:17; 23:10 2 Ch 33:6; also שׂרף בָּא׳ 2 K 17:31, בער בָּא׳ 2 Ch 28:3. 5. fig. of Yahweh’s anger ψ 89:47 (sim.) cf. Na 1:6 La 2:4 אֵשׁ־לֶבְרָתִי Ez 21:36; 22:31; 38:19, אֵשׁ־קִנְאָתִי Ez 36:5; v. also Is 66:15 ψ 79:5 etc.; of word of י׳ Je 23:29; fig.of outbursting emotion ψ 39:4; of flagrant wickedness Is 9:17, etc. 6. in various combinations, לַפִּיד אֵשׁ Gn 15:17 (J) a torch of fire (cf. Di); לַבַּת־אֵשׁ Ex 3:2 flame of fire, לַהַב אֵשׁ Jo 2:5, לַפִּידֵי אֵשׁ (in sim.) Dn 10:6 cf. Zc 12:6, לַהֲבוֹת אֵשׁ ψ 29:7 לַהֲבֵי אֵשׁ Is 66:15 cf. א׳ לֶהָבוֹת ψ 105:32, נֹגַהּ א׳ לֶהָבָה Is 4:5 cf. Ho 7:6; שְׂבִיב אִשּׁוֹ spark of his fire Jb 18:5 cf. כִּידוֹדֵי אֵשׁ 41:11; תַּנּוּר אֵשׁ ψ 21:10 oven of fire, כִּיּוֹר אֵשׁ Zc 12:6; אוֹר אֵשׁ light of fire ψ 78:14; אֵשׁ לֹהֵט flaming fire ψ 104:4; לְשׁוֹן אֵשׁ Is 5:24 tongue of fire, גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ Ez 1:13 coals of fire, so 10:2, cf. רִשְׁפֵּי אֵשׁ Ct 8:6; on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ Ez 28:14, 16 v. אֶבֶן; אֵשׁ דַּת Dt 33:2, lit. fire of a law, or fire was a law, but דָּת law is Pers. & late; read perhaps אֵשׁ [לַףִּ]דֹת cf. Ex 20:18 or אֵשׁ [יֹקֶ]דֶת cf. Is 65:5.

†[אֶשָּׁה] n.f. id. Je 6:29 Kt (ם)אשׁתם i.e. from their fire, but Qr מֵאֵשׁ תַּם, v. sub אֵשׁ.

אִשֶּׁה S TWOT GK n.m. Jos 13, 14 an offering made by fire (> Wetzst in De^{Psalmen., ed. 4, 889} der. from √ ii. אנשׁ, means to friendly relations betw. God & man; cf. Lag ¹⁹⁰) Ex 29:18 + 32 times; cstr. אִשֵּׁה Lv 1:9 + 14 times pl. cstr. אִשֵּׁי Lv 4:35; 24:9 + 15 times; sf. אִשַּׁי Nu 28:2, אִשָּׁ֑י Lv 6:10; used chiefly of offerings of animals, but also of the מִנְחָה Lv 2:11, and of the sacred bread and frankincense Lv 24:7 which was placed on the table as a memorial, and finally went to the priests. The word is used in Dt 18:1 Jos 13:14 (D) 1 S 2:28; elsewhere in P Lv 6:10; 10:15; 22:22 Nu 28:2, 3, especially in phrases אִשֵּׁי יהוה Lv 2:3 + 11 times אִשֶּׂה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ ליהוה Lv 1:9 + 14 times, ריח ניחח אשׁה ליהוה Ex 29:18 + 6 times, אשׁה ליהוה ריח ניחח Lv 23:13, אשׁה לריח ניחח Lv 3:16 Nu 18:17, אשׁה (הוא) ליהוה Ex 29:25 Lv 2:16; אִשֶּׁה ליהוה acc. after verbs of offering Ex 30:20 + 14 times, אִשֶּׁה עֹלָה ליהוה Nu 28:19, קָרְבָּן אִשֶּׁה ליהוה Lv 22:27 Nu 15:25.

†אִשׁ S TWOT GK 2 S 14:19 Mi 6:10, softer form for the usual יֵשׁ (q.v.) there is, are. (Cf. Aramaic אִתַי, Arabic أَيْسَ (˒aysa); and on the softening of ye, yi to ’î, see Ew ^{53 c} Ol ^{p. 425} Nö ^{40 c}).

†אַשְׁבֵּל S GK n.pr.m. (= אַשְׁבְּאֵל? so Thes; more likely אֶשְׁבַּעַל) 2nd son of Benjamin Gn 46:21 (G Ἀσβηλ) Nu 26:38 (G Ἀσυβηρ) 1 Ch 8:1 (G B Σαβα, A & GL Ἀσβηλ).

†אַשְׁבֵּלִי S GK adj.gent. הָא׳ as n.coll. Nu 26:38.

†אֶשְׁבָּן S GK n.pr.m. a chief of Edom Gn 36:26 1 Ch 1:41 (etym. dub., G Ἀσβαν, Ἐσεβαν, Ἀσεβων.)

אַשְׁבֵּעַ S GK v. שׁבל.

אֶשְׁבַּעַל S GK v. אִישׁ־בֹּשֶׁת.

אשׁד TWOT (√ of following, cf. prob. Assyrian išdu, foundation.)

†אֶ֫שֶׁד S TWOT GK n.[m.] foundation, bottom, lower part (slope) (Assyrian išdu cf. Lotz ¹⁸⁶; > others from אֲשַׁד, ܝܫܕ (yšd