ע

ע, ’Ayin, sixteenth letter; used as numeral 70 in postB Heb.

עבב TWOT (√ of foll., cf. Kö ^{1, 40}; meaning unknown).

†i. עָב S^, TWOT^, GK^{, ,} , [עֹב] n.m. archit. term, meaning unknown; projecting roof is conjectured (Sm Co Berthol); others landing (Da); AV RV thick beam or plank, RVm threshold; Benz Kit Toy leave untranslated; in any case a structure of wood;—abs. וְעַסֻּדִים וְעָב 1 K 7:6; appar. cstr. וְעָב עֵץ אֶל־פְּנֵי הָאוּלָם מֵהַחוּץ Ez 41:25; pl. (si vera l.) הָעֻבִּים v 26.

ii. עָב S^, TWOT^, GK^{, ,} v. עוּב.

עָבַד S TWOT GK₂₉₀ vb. work, serve (Old Aramaic עבד do, make, especially Nab. Palm. (often), Lzb^{331 f.} Cook⁸⁶, so T עֲבַד, Syriac ܥܒܰܕ (˓bad) (very often); but also Old Aramaic Ph. עבד slave, vassal (and in many n.pr.), T עַבְדָּא, Syriac ܥܰܒܕܳܐ (˓abdo) id.; Assyrian abdu, id. (rare); NH עָבַד serve, perform acts of worship (c. acc. cogn.), and deriv.; Arabic عَبَدَ (˓abada) worship, obey (God); cf. We ^{iii. 165; 141}, ii. enslave; عَبْدٌ (˓abdun) slave, worshipper; Sab. עבד id. DHM ^{p. 18}; Gerber^{14 ff.} thinks be slave, serve (Qal) and enslave (Hiph.) are denom., cf. also Nö ^{xi (1886), 741});—Qal₂₇₂ Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Ez 29:18 +; sf. עֲבָדוֹ Mal 3:18 +; 3 mpl. עָֽבְדוּ Dt 7:4; עָבַ֑דוּ Nu 4:26, + 64 times Pf.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲבֹד Gn 25:23 +; sf. יַעַבְדֵ֫נִי Ex 4:23; יַעַבְדֶ֫נּוּ ψ 22:31 2 K 10:18; 3 mpl. יַעַבְדוּ Dt 12:30 +; יַעֲבֹ֑דוּ Gn 15:14 (Dr ¹⁰³) Jb 36:11; 2 mpl. תַּעַבְדוּן Ex 3:12, תַּעֲבֹד֑וּן Jos 24:15, + 99 times Impf.; (תָּעָבְדֵם, נָֽעָבְדֵם v. Hoph.); Imv. עֲבֹד 1 S 26:19; sf. עָבְדֵהוּ 1 Ch 28:9; עִבְדוּ Ex 5:18 + 15 times; עֲבֹ֑דוּ Ez 20:39; sf. עִבְדֻהוּ 1 S 7:3; Inf. cstr. עֲבֹד Mal 3:14 +; עֲבָד־ Je 34:9, 10; sf. עָבְדוֹ Je 27:6 +, etc.; Pt. עֹבֵד Gn 4:2 +; pl. עֹבְדִים Nu 18:21 +; cstr. עֹבְדֵי ψ 97:7 +; sf. עֹבְדָיו 2 K 10:19; עֹבדֵיהֶם Zc 2:13; —† 1. labour, work, do work: abs. Ex 20:9 = 34:21 = Dt 5:13 (4th word); Ex 5:18 (E) Ec 5:11; c. acc. rei, till the ground Gn 2:5; 3:23; 4:2, 12 (J), 2 S 9:10 Is 30:24 Je 27:11 Zc 13:5 Pr 12:11; 28:19; obj. om. Dt 15:19 Ez 48:19; vineyard Dt 28:39; garden Gn 2:15 (J); עֹבְדֵי פִשְׁתִּים Is 19:9 workers in flax; עֹבְדֵ(י) הָעִיר Ez 48:18, 19 labourers of the city; ע׳ עֲבֹדָתוֹ Is 28:21 work his work (only here of God, || עשׂה מַעֲשֵׂהוּ); ע׳ עבדה על Ez 29:18 serve a military service against. † 2. work for another, serve him by labour: abs. Ex 21:2 (E); c. acc. pers. Gn 29:15; 31:6 Ex 21:6 (E) Dt 15:12, 18 Mal 3:17 Je 34:14, king his people 1 K 12:7; subj. animals Je 27:6 Jb 39:9; c. acc. pers. et rei Gn 30:26⁽⁾, 29 (J); c. לְ pers. 2 S 16:19; עִם Gn 29:25, 30 (E) Lv 25:40 (P); עִמָּדִי Gn 29:27 (E); לִפְנֵי 2 S 16:19⁽⁾; c. בְּ of price Gn 29:18, 20, 25; 31:41 (E) Ho 12:13 Ez 29:20; c. בְּ pers. work by means of another, use him as slave, Ex 1:14 Lv 25:39, 46 (P) Je 22:13; 30:8; 34:9, 10; cf. Dt 15:19. 3. serve as subjects: usually c. acc., their own rulers Ju 9:28⁽⁾, 38 1 S 11:1 1 K 5:1 +; other kings, by tribute ψ 18:44 = 2 S 22:44, Je 27:7; 28:14 2 K 25:24 +, other nations 2 S 10:19 Je 40:9 Zc 2:13 +, kings other kings 2 K 18:7 +, c. לְ, 1 S 4:9⁽⁾; †מַס עֹבֵד Gn 49:15 (J) Jos 16:10 1 K 9:21 (see מַס); 1†c. בְּ pers., work with, i.e. use as subjects, impose tribute upon, Je 25:14; 27:7 Ez 34:27. 4. serve God: a. c. acc. י׳, Ex 3:12; 4:23; 7:16, 26 (JE), ψ 22:31 Jb 21:15 Mal 3:14 +; c. acc. pers. et rei Ex 10:26 (E); acc. pers. om., Je 2:20 (read אֶעֱבוֹד Kt), עבד זבח ומנחה Is 19:21 serve with peace-offering and grain-offering; עבד עֲבֹדָה Ex 13:5 (of מַצֹּת). b. other gods, c. acc. א׳ †Dt 7:16; 12:2, 30 †; אלהים אחרים 7:4; 8:19; 11:16; 13:7, 14; 17:3; 28:14, 36, 64; 29:25; 30:17; 31:20 Jos 23:16; 24:2, 16 Ju 2:19; 10:13 1 S 8:8; 26:19 1 K 9:6, 9 2 K 17:35 2 Ch 7:19, 22 Je 11:10; 13:10; 16:11, 13; 22:9; 25:6; 35:15 (all D and Je); אֱלֹהֵי הַגּוֹיִם Dt 29:17; זָרִים Je 5:19; †כל צבא השׁמים Dt 4:19 2 K 21:3 2 Ch 33:3 Je 8:2; †הבעל(ים) Ju 2:11; 3:7; 10:6, 10 1 S 12:10 1 K 16:31; 22:54 2 K 10:18⁽⁾, 19⁽⁾, 21, 22, 23⁽⁾; 17:16; †אלהי נֵכָר Jos 24:20 Je 5:19; †(הַ)גִּלּוּלִים 2 K 17:12; 21:21⁽⁾ Ez 20:39; †האשׁרים 2 Ch 24:18; עצבים ψ 106:36; †פסיל(ים) 2 Ch 33:22 2 K 17:41; פסל ψ 97:7; c. לְ, †לבעל Ju 2:13; †לאלהים אחרים Je 44:3. 5. serve י׳ with Levitical service (all P; cf. RS ^{i. 69}): c. acc. עבד עֲבֹדָה (v. עֲבֹדָה) Nu 3:7, 8; 4:23, 30, 47; 7:5; 8:11, 19, 22, 26; 16:9; 18:6, 21, 23 Jos 22:27; acc. om. Nu 4:24, 26, 37, 41; 8:15 (but Sam. G עבדה), v 25 18:7.

†Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נֶעְבָּ֑ד Ec 5:8; 2 mpl. נֶעֱבַדְתֶּם Ez 36:9; Impf. 3 ms. יֵעָבֵד Dt 21:4; 3 fs. תֵּעָבֵד Ez 36:34;— 1. be tilled, of land Dt 21:4 Ez 36:9, 34. 2. Ec 5:8 מֶלָךְ לְשָׂדֶה נֶעְבָּ֑ד dub.: a king for (devoted to) the cultivated field (Hi); a king that maketh himself servant to the field (devoted to agriculture), De v. Comm., especially De

†Pual Pf. 3 ms. עֻבַּד Dt 21:3 Is 14:3; pass. of Qal, c. בְּ: impers. Dt 21:3 of a calf with which it has not been worked; hard service with which it was worked with captives Is 14:3.

†Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֶעֱבִיד Ez 29:18; 2 ms. sf. הֶעֱבַדְתַּ֫נִי Is 43:24, הֶעֱבַדְתִּיךָ v 23, וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ Je 17:4 Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּעֲבֵד 2 Ch 34:33; 3 mpl. יַעֲבִדוּ Ex 1:13; Inf. cstr. הַעֲבִיד 2 Ch 2:17; Pt. pl. †מַעֲבִדִי Ex 6:5;— 1. compel to labour as slaves Ex 1:13; 6:5 (P) 2 Ch 2:17, + Gn 47:21 (reading הֶעֱבִיד לַעֲבָדִים), 2 S 12:31 (reading וְהֶעֱבִיד, + בְּ at; on both these v. עבר Hiph. ad fin.); cause to serve, of army’s service against, c. acc. + (על)אל Ez 29:18; cause to labour, weary, c. בְּ of means Is 43:23, 24 (perhaps play on meanings 2, 3). 2. make to serve as subjects, c. 2 acc. Je 17:4, + Je 15:14 (read וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ, v. עבר Hiph. ad fin.). 3. cause to serve God 2 Ch 34:33.

Hoph. Impf. 2 ms. sf. תָּֽעָבְדֵם Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9, Ex 23:24; 1 pl. sf. נָֽעָבְדֵם Dt 13:3 (Kö ²⁵⁹ Sta ^{549 g} Thes; < Nes ^{12 f.} Qal anom. pointed (cf. W ^{ed. 2, i. 62 n.} Fl ^{i. 98}); Ges ^{60, R. 1} Dr Qal falsely pointed as Hoph.);—be led or enticed to serve other gods Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9 Ex 23:24 Dt 13:3.

i. עֶ֫בֶד S^, TWOT GK^, ₇₉₉ n.m. slave, servant (on format. Lag ⁷⁷);—ע׳ Gn 9:25 +, עָ֑בֶד 44:10 +; sf. עַבְדִּי 26:24 +; עַבְדְּךָ 19:19 +; עַבְדֶּ֫ךָ 18:3 +; pl. עֲבָדִים 9:25 +, עַבְדֵי 21:25 +; sf. עֲבָדַי Lv 25:42 +, עַבְדֵיכֶם Jos 9:11 +, etc.;— 1. slave, servant of household Gn 39:17, 19; 41:12; 50:2 Ex 21:2 +; man-servant, || אמה Ex 20:10 Lv 25:6 Dt 5:14 Jb 31:13 +; || שׁפחה Gn 12:16; 32:6 Je 34:11 Is 14:2 +; + אדון Dt 23:16 Is 24:2 Mal 1:6 +; מִקְנַת כֶּסֶף Ex 12:44 or יְלִיד בַּיִת Je 2:14; עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים servant of servants, humblest servant, Gn 9:25; †בֵּית עֲבָדִים house of slaves, especially Israel in Egypt Ex 13:3, 14; 20:2 (R) Dt 5:6; 6:12; 7:8; 8:14; 13:6, 11 Jos 24:17 Ju 6:8 Je 34:13 Mi 6:4; †וזכרת כי עבד היית מצרים (ארץ)ב and thou shalt remember that thou wast a slave in (the land of) Egypt Dt 5:15; 15:15; 16:12; 24:18, 22; king of Babylon is slave to י׳ Je 25:9; 27:6; 43:10; the borrower to the lender Pr 22:7; fig. of beast Jb 40:28; of things Gn 47:19.

2. Subjects, of chief Gn 26:15, 19, 25, 32; 27:37; 32:17⁽⁾ +; of king 21:25 Ex 7:28, 29 1 K 9:27 Dt 29:1 +; vassal kings 2 S 10:19; tributary nations 8:2, 6, 14 = 1 Ch 18:2, 6, 13; specif. officers of king 1 S 19:1; 21:8 2 S 11:13 Pr 14:35 +; עַבְדֵי פַרְעֹה Gn 40:20; 41:10; ע׳ שָׁאוּל 1 S 16:17; 18:22; 28:7; ע׳ הַמֶּלֶךְ 1 K 1:47 Est 3:3 +; עֶבֶד הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 K 22:12 = 2 Ch 34:20 (a court official); opp. שַׂר Pr 19:10 Ec 10:7; מֶלֶךְ Pr 30:22; ambassadors Nu 22:18 2 S 10:2; soldiers of army 1 S 17:8; 25:10 2 S 2:12, + officers of army 1 S 29:3 1 K 11:26 2 K 25:8 Is 36:9.

3. Servants, worshippers, of God: †עַבְדֵי יהוה 2 K 9:7; 10:23 Is 54:17, cf. Gn 50:17 Is 56:6; עֲבָדָיו Dt 32:36 = ψ 135:14, Is 65:15; 66:14 ψ 34:23; 69:37 Ne 2:20; || עַמּוֹ ψ 105:25 cf. Dt 32:43; עֲבָדַי Is 65:8, 9, 13⁽⁾, 14; עֲבָדֶיךָ 1 K 8:23 Is 63:17 (|| שִׁבְטֵי נחלתך), ψ 89:51; 90:13, 16; 102:15, 29; 119:91, 79:2, 10 (|| חֲסִידֶיךָ); delivered from Egypt Lv 25:42, 55⁽⁾; 26:13 (P); עַבְדְּךָ ψ 119:125; 143:2, || בֶּן־אֲמָתֶ֑ךָ 86:16; 116:16⁽⁾; specif. angels Jb 4:18; and ancient worthies, patriarchs Ex 32:13 (J) Dt 9:27; Abraham Gn 26:24 (J) ψ 105:6, 42; Isaac Gn 24:14 (J); Jacob, Israel Ez 28:25; 37:25 1 Ch 16:13; Moses †Ex 14:31 Jos 18:7 (J) Nu 12:7, 8 (E) Dt 34:5 (?) Jos 1:1, 2, 7, 13, 15; 8:31, 33; 9:24; 11:12, 15; 12:6⁽⁾; 13:8; 14:7; 22:2, 4, 5 (all D), 1 K 8:53, 56 2 K 18:12; 21:8 1 Ch 6:34 2 Ch 1:3; 24:6, 9 Ne 1:8; 9:14; 10:30 ψ 105:26 Mal 3:22 Dn 9:11; Joshua †Jos 24:29 (E) Ju 2:8; Caleb †Nu 14:24 (J); Job †Jb 1:8; 2:3; 42:7, 8⁽⁾; David 2 S 3:18; 7:5, 8, 26 + 27 times; Hezekiah †2 Ch 32:16; Zerubbabel †Hag 2:23; Eliakim †Is 22:20.—The צֶמַח Zc 3:8 cf. 6:12 is also servant of י׳ as Messianic builder of temple (see Br ^{442 ff.}).

† 4. servant of י׳, in a special sense: of Levitical singers using benedictions in temple ψ 113:1; 134:1; 135:1; usually of prophets, עֲבָדַי הַנְּבִיאִים my servants the prophets 2 K 9:7; 17:13 Je 7:25; 26:5; 29:19; 35:15; 44:4 Ez 38:17 Zc 1:6; עֲבָדָיו הַנְּבִיאִים 2 K 17:23; 21:10; 24:2 Je 25:4 Am 3:7 Dn 9:10; עֲבָדֶיךָ הנביאים Ezr 9:11 Dn 9:6; specif. Ahia 1 K 14:18; 15:29; Elijah 2 K 9:36; 10:10; Jonah 2 K 14:25; Isaiah Is 20:3; עַבְדּוֹ, || מלאכיו 44:26; as one calling to fear י׳ 50:10.

† 5. Israel as a people is servant of י׳: יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 41:8, 9; 44:21⁽⁾; 49:3 ψ 136:22; יעקב Is 44:1, 2; 45:4; 48:20 Je 30:10; 46:27, 28; עַבְדִּי = עֶבֶד יהוה, || מַלְאָכִי, as having a mission to the nations Is 42:19⁽⁾; and chosen as witness of י׳ 43:10. But there is also an ideal servant chosen and endowed with the divine Spirit to be a covenant of Israel and a light of the nations Is 42:1 (cf. v 2–6); formed to bring back Jacob, raise up the tribes, and become salvation to the end of the earth 49:5, 6, 7; bearing the sins of all as a lamb and a trespass-offering, and yet prospering and justifying many as interposing martyr 52:13; 53:11: many understand of ideal Israel, contr. with the actual; al. of personif. || with Zion the wife and mother, disting. from unworthy Israel as Zion from her apostate children; al. of ideal prophetic writer; al. of ideal prophetic person; al. (especially in Is 53) of an actual proph. known to writer and his readers; [in any case it is Messianic, v. Mt 8:16, 17; 12:16–21 Lk 4:17–22 Phil 2:5–11]; see De Is ii. 174 Da^{Expos. 1884, 358 ff.} Di Du Che al. on Is 42, 53, Dr ^{Is 168 ff.} Br ^{345 ff.}, also Gie^{Beitr. 146 ff.} Berthol ^{Is 53}.

6. In polite address of equals or superiors the Hebrews used עַבְדְּךָ thy servant = 1 pers. sing., I, Gn 18:3 1 S 20:7, 8⁽⁾ 2 K 8:13 +; עֲבָדֶיךָ thy servants = we Gn 42:11 Is 36:11; also עַבְדּוֹ his servant = I, 1 S 26:18, 19 2 S 14:22; 24:21 +; also in addressing God, especially in prayer Ex 4:10 Nu 11:11 Ju 15:18 1 S 3:9, 10; 25:39 2 S 24:10 ψ 19:12, 14; 27:9; 31:17; 35:27; 69:18; 109:28; 143:2 +.

7. Phrases are: †עבד (היה), c. לְ pers., become servant to Gn 9:26, 27; 44:10, 16, 17, 33; 47:19, 25 (J) Dt 6:21; 15:17 2 S 8:14 2 K 17:3; 24:1 1 Ch 18:2, 6, 13 2 Ch 10:7 Pr 11:29; 12:9; 22:7; †היה לעבד, c. לְ pers., Gn 44:9 (J) 50:18 (E) 1 S 8:17; 17:9⁽⁾; 27:12 2 S 8:2, 6 Je 34:16; †כבשׁ לעבדים 2 Ch 28:10 Ne 5:5 Je 34:11; לקח לע׳ Gn 43:18 (J) 2 K 4:1 Jb 40:28.

†ii. עֶ֫בֶד S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. (servant of God = עַבְדְּאֵל);— 1. father of Gaal Ju 9:26, 28, 30, 31, 35 (GFM, after Hollenb ^{1891, 371} [cf. Bu^{Ib. 1892, 63}] עֹבֵד, as GL; v. also Gray ^{184, 272}); G Ιωβηλ, A GL Αβεδ. 2. a companion of Ezra Ezr 8:6; G Ωβηθ, GL Αμιναδαβ.—For list of Arabic names beginning with عبد (˓bd) v. Nö ^{xli (1887), 724 ff.}, cf. also Id.^{ib. xlii (1888), 486} We ^{2, 2 ff.}

†[עֲבָד S TWOT GK] n.m. work (late; Aramaic form); pl. sf. עֲבָדֵיהֶם Ec 9:1 (cf. Syriac ܥܒܳܕ (˓bod)).

†עוֹבֵד S GK, עֹבֵד n.pr.m. (worshipper; cf. Sab. עבד Os²² and DHM ^{xxxvii (1883), 14};— 1. son of Boaz and Ruth Ru 4:17, v 21 = 1 Ch 2:12, Ru 4:22 (only here עֹבֵד) = 1 Ch 2:12, S Ωβηδ. 2. names in Judah, G Ωβηδ: a. 1 Ch 2:37, 38. b. 2 Ch 23:1.) 3. a mighty man of David 1 Ch 11:47, G Ιωβηθ, A Ιωβηδ. 4. a doorkeeper 1 Ch 26:7, G Ωβηδ.

†עֹבֵד אֱדֹם, and (2 Ch 25:24) ע׳אֱדוֹם n.pr.m. (servant of (god) Edom, cf. עבד אדם CIS ²⁹⁵; Dr ^{206, 293} and reff., RS ^{i. 43; 2nd ed. 42} and reff., HPS 2 S 6:10; but Bae ¹⁰ servant of man, אֱדֹם = אָדָם, which is thought possible by Nö ^{xlii (1888), 470} Buhl^{Edomiter. 49});— 1. the Gittite who harboured the ark 2 S 6:10, 11⁽⁾, 12⁽⁾ = 1 Ch 13:13, 14⁽⁾, 1 Ch 15:25; G Αβεδδαρα, GL Αβεδδαδαν. 2. ( = 1?) one of the chief Levitical singers and doorkeepers 1 Ch 15:18, 21, 24; 16:5, 38⁽⁾; 26:4, 8⁽⁾, 15; G Αβαεδωμ, Αβδεδωμ, etc.,GL Αβεδδομ. 3. the family of the same 2 Ch 25:24 (not in || 2 K 14:14).

†עֶ֫בֶד מֶ֫לֶךְ n.pr.m. (= servant of the king, or < of (god) Melek, cf. Gray ^{117. 147 ff.});—Ethiopic official of Zedekiah Je 38:7, 8, 10, 11, 12; 39:16; G Αβδεμελεχ.

†עֲבֵד נְגוֹ S GK n.pr.m. (servant of (God) Nebo, נְגוֹ being corrupt (intent. or unintent.) for נבוֹ (q.v.), COT Dn 1:7 Bev Dn 1:7);—Babylonian name of Azariah, one of the three companions of Daniel Dn 1:7 (v. also Biblical Aramaic); G Theod Αβδεναγω.

†עַבְדָּא S GK n.pr.m. (servant of י׳ ( = עֹבַדְיָה 1 Ch 9:16 = Ne 11:17), but form dub., v. G);— 1. father of Adoniram 1 K 4:6; G Εφρα, A Αβαω,GL Εδραμ. 2. a Levite Ne 11:17; G Ωβηβ, A Ιωβηβ, GL Αβδιας.

†עַבְדְּאֵל S GK n.pr.m. (servant of Ēl, cf. עַבְדִּיאֵל) name in Judah Je 36:26; G Ες(δ)ριηλ.

†עֲבֹדָה S TWOT GK, and (Chr) עֲבוֹדָה S TWOT GK₁₄₅ n.f. labour, service (on format. v. Lag ¹⁷⁹ Ba ⁶¹);—ע׳ Ex 1:14 + 41 times; cstr. עֲבֹדַת 30:16 + 43 times; sf. עֲבֹדָתִי Gn 30:26 + 33 times sfs.; in Chr עֲבוֹדָה 1 Ch 28:14 + 7 times; cstr. עֲבוֹדַת 6:33 + 13 times; sf. עֲבוֹדָתִי 2 Ch 12:8; עֲבוֹדָתָם 1 Ch 6:17 2 Ch 31:16;— 1. †labour, work, ψ 104:23; in the field Ex 1:14 1 Ch 27:26, prob. Ne 10:38 (עָרֵי ע׳), ψ 104:14 (עֵשֶׂב לע׳); in fine linen 1 Ch 4:21; in erection of tabernacle Ex 35:24; 36:1, 3, 5; 39:42 (P); in repairing temple 2 Ch 34:13⁽⁾; כל מלאבת עבדה לא תעשׂוּ ye shall do no laborious work Lv 23:7, 8, 21, 25, 35, 36 Nu 28:18, 25, 26; 29:1, 12, 35 (P); fig. of man, ע׳ הַצְּדָקָה Is 32:17 (|| מַעֲשֵׂה הַצּ׳); of God’s work of judgment Is 28:21⁽⁾. † 2. labour of servant or slave: of Jacob for Laban Gn 29:27; 30:26 (JE); ע׳ עֶבֶד of bondservant Lv 25:39 (P); of the Nethinim Ezr 8:20; service of things, vessels of tabernacle and temple Nu 4:26, 32 (P) 1 Ch 9:28; 28:14⁽⁾ 15. † 3. labour, service of captives or subjects: of Israel in Egypt Ex 1:14; 2:23⁽⁾ (P), 5:11 (E), 6:6 (P); כבד(ה) הע׳ 5:9 (E) Ne 5:18; ע׳ קשׁה Ex 1:14; 6:9 (P) Dt 26:6 1 K 12:4 = 2 Ch 10:4, Is 14:3; מֵרֹב ע׳ La 1:3; ע׳ ממלכוֹת 2 Ch 12:8; ע׳ המלך 1 Ch 26:30; ע׳ אדניהם Ne 3:5; military service Ez 29:18⁽⁾. 4. service of God, in P Chr Ez: by people Jos 22:27 (P) 2 Ch 12:8, feast of passover Ex 12:25, 26 2 Ch 35:10, 16, unleavened bread Ex 13:5; Levites and priests Nu 4:19, 49; 8:11 1 Ch 24:3, 19 2 Ch 8:14; 31:16; ע׳ מתנה Nu 18:7; Levites Ex 38:21 Nu 4:24, 27⁽⁾, 28, 33, 47⁽⁾; 7:7, 8; 8:26; 18:21 1 Ch 6:17 2 Ch 31:2; c. בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד v 4, 23, 31, 33, 35, 39, 43; 8:19, 22; 18:31; אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד Ex 30:16 Nu 4:30; 7:5; 8:24; 18:4, 6, 21, 23, cf. Ex 35:21 Nu 7:5; (ה)מִשְׁכָּן Ex 39:32, 40 Nu 3:7, 8; 16:9 1 Ch 6:33, cf. Ex 27:19 Nu 3:36 1 Ch 23:26; ע׳ הַקֹּדֶשׁ Nu 7:9, cf. 3:31; of its court v 26; more specif. ע׳ משׂא 4:47; צבא הע׳ 8:25; ע׳ בית י׳ (ה)אלהים 1 Ch 23:24, 28, 32; 25:6; 28:13⁽⁾, 21⁽⁾; 29:7 2 Ch 29:35; 31:21; 35:2 Ne 10:33; מלאכת ע׳ בית האלהים 1 Ch 9:13, 28:20 2 Ch 24:12; מעשׂה ע׳ 1 Ch 23:28; its service Ez 44:14 1 Ch 9:19; specif. service of Levit. singers 25:1⁽⁾, and doorkeepers 26:8 2 Ch 35:15.

†עֲבֻדָּה S TWOT GK n.f. service (on format. v. Lag ¹⁵¹);—of household servants as a body, || cattle, etc., Gn 26:14 (J) Jb 1:3.

†עַבְדּוֹן S GK^, n.pr. I. n.pr.m. 1. a judge Ju 12:13, 15, G Αβδων, A GL Λαβδω(μ); (Ew cp. בְּדָן 1 S 12:11, but read בָּרָק, v. בְּדָן supr.). 2. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:23, G Αβαδων, A GL Αβδων. 3. son of Jehiel a Gibeonite 1 Ch 8:30; 9:36; G Αβαλων, Σαβαδων, A Αβδων, Σαβδων, GL Αβδων. 4. son of Micah 2 Ch 34:20, G Αβδοδομ, A GL Αβδων ( = עַכְבּוֹר 2 K 22:12). II n.pr.loc. Levitical city in Asher Jos 21:30 1 Ch 6:59, G Δαββων, Αβαραν, A GL Αβδων (20 Codd. read עַבְדֹּן Jos 19:28 for עֶבְרֹן), ˓Abde, Guérin ^{2, 37} cf. Buhl ²³⁰.

†[עַבְדוּת] n.f. servitude, bondage;—sf. עַבְדֻתֵנוּ Ez 9:8, 9; עַבְדֻתָם Ne 9:17 (cf. Syriac ܥܰܒܕܽܘܬܳܐ (˓abduto)).

†עַבְדִּי S GK n.pr.m. (= עֹבַדְיָה servant of Yah; v. however, Gray ^{149 ff.} and cf. Old Aramaic עבדו, Nab.Palm. עבדי Lzb^{333, 334} Cook⁸⁷);— 1. a Levite 1 Ch 6:29 2 Ch 29:12; G Αβδ(ε)ι,GL 1 Ch Αβδια. 2. one with a foreign wife Ezr 10:26; G Αβδε(ι)α.

†עַבְדִּיאֵל S GK n.pr.m. (servant of Ēl; on this and foll. cf. Ph. עבדאלם, Nab. עבדאלהא, Sin. עבדאלהי, etc., Lzb³³² Cook⁸⁷; Sab. עבדלת = [עבדאלת] Hal¹⁶⁸ DHM ^{xxxvii (1883), 16}; v. also Gray ^{309, 53});—a Gadite 1 Ch 5:15; G Αβδεηλ, A GL Αβδιηλ.

†עֹבַדְיָ֫הוּ S GK, עֹבַדְיָה S GK n.pr.m. (servant of Yah, cf. Gray ^{295, 90}; also Ph. עבדבעל, Palm. עבדבל, Old Aramaic עבדההד Lzb³³³, OHeb עבדיהו Id.³³⁴);—I. עֹבַדְיָ֫הוּ: 1. chief of Ahab’s household 1 K 18:3⁽⁾, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, G Αβδ(ε)ιου. 2. father of one of the chiefs of Zebulun 1 Ch 27:19, G Αβδ(ε)ιου (genit.). 3. a Levite overseer in time of Josiah 2 Ch 34:12, G Αβδ(ε)ια, A GL Αβδιας. II. עֹבַדְיָה: 1. the prophet Ob 1, G Οβδ(ε)ιου (genit.), Αβδ(ε)ιου. 2. a descendant of David 1 Ch 3:21, G Αβδεια, GL Οβδιας. 3. chief of tribe of Issachar 1 Ch 7:3, G Μειβδεια, A Οβδια, GL Αβδια. 4. a Benjamite 1 Ch 8:28; 9:44, G Αβδ(ε)ια. 5. a Levite 1 Ch 9:16 (|| עַבְדָּא) Ne 11:17), G Αβδεια, A Οβδια, GL Αβια. 6. a Gadite chief 1 Ch 12:9, G Αβδ(ε)ια. 7. a prince in time of Jehoshaphat 2 Ch 17:7, G Αβ(δ)ιαν. 8. priestly companion of Ezra Ezr 8:9 Ne 10:6, G Αδεια, Αβ(α)δ(ε)ια, GL Αβδιου, Αβιας. 9. a doorkeeper Ne 12:25, א Οβδιας, GL Αβδιας.

†[מַעְבָּד] n.[m.] work (late form; Biblical Aramaic מַעֲבַד);—pl. sf. מַעְבָּדֵיהֶם Jb 34:25.

†עָבָה S TWOT GK vb. be thick, fat, gross (NH Pi. עִבָּה make thick, and deriv.; Syriac ܥܒܳܐ (˓bo) swell up, pt. pass. swollen, thick, dense, stupid, and many deriv.; Arabic غَبِىَ (ğabiya) be dense, stupid, أَغُبَى (˒ağubā) dense foliage; Ethiopic ዐብየ (˓abya) be great Di⁹⁸⁵);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. קָֽטֳנִּי ע׳ מִמָּתְנֵי אָבִי 1 K 12:10 my little finger is thicker (stouter) than, etc., = 2 Ch 10:10; be thick, gross, of rebell. Isr. under fig. of highly fed beast, 2 ms. שָׁמַנְתָּ עָבִּיתָ כָּשִׂיתָ Dt 32:15.

†עֲבִי S TWOT GK n.[m.] thickness;—cstr. ע׳ גַּבֵּי מָגִנָּיו Jb 15:26 the thickness (stoutness) of the bosses of his shields (in fig.); sf. עָבְיוֹ its thickness, of the molten sea 1 K 7:26 = 2 Ch 4:5; of pillar Je 52:21.—2 Ch 4:17 v. foll.—Under עבה belongs perhaps also בְּעַב הֶעָנָן Ex 19:9 (read בַּעֲבִי?) in the thickness of the clouds, cf. Bu ^{1892 (3), 63} Kö ^{1, 86}.

†מַעֲבֶה S TWOT GK n.[m.] si vera l., thickness, compactness;—בְּמַעֲבֵה הָאֲדָמָה 1 K 7:46 in the compactness of the soil, i.e. clayey ground or clay mould = 2 Ch 4:17 (where MT בַּעֲבִי הָ׳); but read doubtless in both בְּמַעְבֶּרֶת אֲדָבָה at the ford of Adamah, v. GFM Ju 7:22 Benz.

עָבוֹת S^, TWOT^, GK^, v. עבת.

עבט (perhaps √ of foll.; cf. Assyrian ubbuṭu˒ (ii. of אבט [ = עבט?]) be pledged Dl ⁶; Aramaic (Talm) עֲבִיטָה pledge, עֲבַט Ithpe. be taken in pledge; but We Jo 2:7 thinks עֲבוֹט Aramaic loanword, and cp. Arabic ضَبَطَ (ḍabaṭa) hold, keep, guard).

†עֲבוֹט S TWOT GK n.[m.] pledge, article pledged as security for debt;—abs. ע׳ Dt 24:11, 13; sf. עֲבֹטוֹ v 10 (as acc. cogn.), v 12.

†עַבְטִיט S TWOT GK n.[m.]intens. weight of pledges, heavy debts;—abs. מַכְבִּיד עָלָיו ע׳ Hb 2:6.

†[עָבַט S TWOT GK^, ] vb.denom. take or give a pledge;—Qal Inf. cstr. לַעֲבֹט Dt 24:10 to take possession of a thing pledged (c. acc. cogn.); Impf. 2 ms. give a pledge תַּעֲבֹט Dt 15:6 (i.e. borrow). Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. וְהַעֲבַטְתָּ֫ גּוֹיִם רַבִּים v 6 and thou shalt cause many nations to give pledges (i.e. lend to them); Impf. 3 ms. sf. + Inf. abs. הַעֲבֵט תַּעֲבִיטֶנּוּ v 8 thou shalt surely lend to him (lit. as above). Pi. Impf. יְעַבְּטוּן Jo 2:7 hardly makes sense (lend on pledge = interchange?); most read יְעַבְּתוּן; יְעַוְּתוּן We, cf. Now Dr GASm; Gr יַטּוּן.

עבל (√ of foll.; cf. poss. Arabic عَبُلَ (˓abula) be bulky, stout; Pun. n.pr. עבל Lzb³³⁵).

†עוֹבָל S GK, i. עֵיבָל S GK^{, ,} n.pr.gent. Arabian people, descended from Joktan according to Gn 10:28 (GL Γαιβαλ); = עֵיבָל 1 Ch 1:22 (GL Ηβηλ). On loc. cf. Glaser ^{ii. 426}.

i. עֵיבָל S GK^{, ,} v. עוֹבָל supr.

†ii. עֵיבָל S GK^{, ,} n.pr.m. vel gent. name in Edom, Gn 36:23 (G Γαιβηλ), = 1 Ch 1:40 (G Γαιβηλ, A Γαοβηλ,GL Ουβαλ); according to Glaser ^{ii. 426} poss. = foregoing (cp. with name of (god) Bēl, Wkl ^{Isr. 120; Alttest. Unters. 117 f.}).

†iii. עֵיבָל S GK^{, ,} n.pr.mont. Ebal, the mt. of cursing, N. of Shechem (Nabulus), and opp. Mt. Gerizim (mt. of blessing, S. of Shechem), Dt 11:29, also Jos 8:30, 33 (D); G Γαιβαλ (connex. with above √ dub.; on בל = Bēl, cf. Gray ^{124 n., and reff.});—on Ebal v. Rob ^{ii. 275 ff.} GASm ^{Ch. vi.} Di Dt 11:29 Dr^ib. Bd ^{(1898), 257}.

עבץ (√ of foll.; meaning unknown).

†יַעְבֵּץ S GK^, n.pr. 1. m. Jabez, a man of the Calebites, 1 Ch 4:9⁽⁾, 10 (where interpr. as akin to עצב; on position of this family cf. Mey ¹¹⁸); G Ιγαβης, A Ιαγβης, Γαβης, GL Ιαβιης, Ιαβηλ, Ιαβεις. 2. loc. in Judah, appar. near Bethlehem 1 Ch 2:55 (cf. v 54); G Γαμες, A Γαβης, GL Ιαβις.

עָבַר S TWOT^, GK^, ₅₄₈ vb. pass over, through, by, pass on (NH = BH; Zinj. עבר Haph. Lzb³³⁶ Cook⁸⁸, perhaps also Nab. עבר Id.^ib.; T עֲבַר, Syriac ܥܒܰܪ (˓bar) id.; Assyrian ebêru, id. Dl ¹⁰, and deriv.; Arabic عَبَرَ (˓abara) id., and deriv.; Sab. עבר = Heb. עִבַּר 3. Mordt ⁴⁹; עברת passage, march through DHM ^{xxix (1875), 614} also bank or neighbourhood of a stream SabDenkm⁴⁹);—Qal₄₆₅ Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Gn 15:17 +, sf. עֲבָרוֹ Je 23:9; 1 s. עָבַ֫רְתִּי 1 S 15:24 +; 2 mpl. עֲבַרְתֶּם Gn 18:5 +; 1 pl. עָבַ֫רְנוּ Jos 24:17 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲבֹר Am 8:5 +, יַעֲבָר־ Gn 33:14 +, sf. 3 ms. יַעַבְרֶ֫נּוּ Is 33:21; 35:8, יַעַבְרֶ֫נְהוּ Je 5:22, וַיַּעֲבֹר Gn 12:6 +; 1 s. אֶעֱבֹר Am 5:17 +, cohort. אֶעְבְּרָה Nu 21:22 +, אֶעֱבֹ֑רָה Nu 20:19 Ju 12:5, etc.; Imv. ms. עֲבֹר Ex 17:5 +; fs. עִבְרִי Mi 1:11 + 2 times; עֲבֹ֑רִי Is 23:12; mpl. עִבְרוּ Am 6:2 +; Inf. abs. עָבוֹר 2 S 17:16; cstr. עֲבֹר Am 7:8 +, לַעֲבָר־ 1 K 18:6 + Na 2:1 Qr (Kt לעבור); sf. עָבְרִי Ex 33:22 Dt 4:21, etc.; Pt. עֹבֵר Ju 8:4 +, etc.;— 1. pass over: a. = cross (stream, wady, sea, etc.), (1) c. acc. Gn 31:21 (E), 32:11 (J), Jos 3:14, 17; 4:1 (all JE), Dt 2:14 (D), Nu 32:29 (P), 2 S 17:20, 22, 24 Is 16:8, + 37 times, + Gn 32:23 (E; acc. מַעֲבַר), וְעָֽבְרָה הָֽעֲבָרָה לַעֲבִיר 2 S 19:19 (read וַיַּעַבְרוּ We Dr Kit Löhr, and they crossed the ford, or וְעָֽבְרוּ frequent., HPS; > G Klo Bu וַיַּעַבְדוּ הָעֲבֹדָה and they performed the service); also c. acc. + acc. loc. 1 S 13:7, + ה loc. Dt 4:26; 31:13, 32:47. (2) acc. om. Ju 3:28 2 S 17:16⁽⁾ + 32 times, + עֹבֵר Ju 8:4 (read וַיַּעֲבֹר Vrss, or del. as gloss GFM Bu), 2 S 15:23a (where read עֹמֵד for MT עֹבֵר We Dr Bu Kit Löhr HPS, but del. עֹבְרִים, plausibly, Klo HPS); c. אֶל־ †Nu 32:7 (JE), Dt 27:2 (D), Jos 4:13; 22:19 (both P), c. אֶל־עֵבֶר Dt 30:13, c. הָעֵבֶר 1 S 26:13; c. ה loc. †Dt 3:21; 4:14; 6:1; 11:8, 11; 34:4 Is 23:6; c. acc. loc. †Is 23:12 Je 2:10 Nu 32:32 (P). †b. cross border, boundary, c. acc. Nu 20:17b; 21:22b (both JE), + אֶל־ 1 S 27:2; of invasion, acc. om., c. אֶל־ Ju 11:32; 12:3 1 S 14:1, 6, 8, c. ה loc. 2 K 8:21, abs. 2 Ch 21:9; cf. Jb 14:5. c. cross over (sc. intervening space) against (עַל־) 1 S 14:4, unto 2 S 24:20 (read אֶל־ for עַל־ Bu HPS, cf. GL), so perhaps also Is 45:14 (עַל; read אֶל?); c. acc. of goal Am 5:5; 6:2. †d. pass, march over (sc. bodies of captives), Is 51:23⁽⁾. †e. = overflow, fig., Is 23:10, abs. of invasion (like a flood) Is 8:8, hence Dn 11:10, 40, Na 1:8 (cf. 4 c); of evil thoughts ψ 73:7; cf. עָֽבְרוּ דִבְרֵי־רָ֑ע Je 5:28 they overflow with evil matters. †f. pass, go, over, of waves, over one’s head, usually c. עַל־ Is 54:9 ψ 42:8; 88:17; 124:4, 5 (all fig.), Jon 2:4; c. acc. ψ 38:5, cf. Je 23:9 over whom wine hath gone ( = overcome with wine). †g. of razor passing over head, c. עַל Nu 6:5; fig. of time passing over one, c. עַל־ 1 Ch 29:30 (cf. Biblical Aramaic חלף על Dn 4:13 +). †h. pass over upon (עַל־), in weakened sense, nearly = come or light upon; of spirit Nu 5:14⁽⁾, 30; abs. + מֵאֵת 1 K 22:24 = 2 Ch 18:23; c. עַל־ also light upon in chastisement or judgment, Ho 10:11 Jb 13:13, cf. Na 3:19; Dt 24:5 no affair shall pass over upon (עַל־) him, i.e. no duty be laid upon him. †i. overstep, transgress, c. acc. of covenant, command, etc. (usually divine); Nu 14:41 Jos 7:11, 15 (all JE), Dt 17:2; 26:13 Jos 23:16 (all D), Ju 2:20 1 S 15:24 Ho 6:7; 8:1 2 K 18:12 Je 34:18 Is 24:5 ψ 148:6 2 Ch 24:20 Dn 9:11; command of earthly king Est 3:3; abs. ψ 17:3 Jb 14:5. †j. pass over = overlook, forgive עַל־פֶּשַׁע Mi 7:18 ( + לְ pers.), Pr 19:11; c. לְ pers. only, Am 7:8; 8:2.

† 2. Pass beyond, c. acc. 1 S 14:23 (of battle), Je 5:22⁽⁾ (of sea); + אֶל Gn 31:52⁽⁾ (E); pass a little beyond ע׳ מְעַט מֵהָרֹאשׁ 2 S 16:1, כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי מֵהֶם Ct 3:4; c. acc. of God’s command (פֶּה), Pr 8:29 (of sea), Nu 22:18 = 24:13 (JE); acc. om. Jb 14:5 ψ 104:9.

3. Pass through, traverse, usually a. c. בְּ of land, city, etc.: Nu 21:23 (E), 20:21 Jos 18:9 (JE), Ex 12:2 (P), 1 S 9:4⁽⁾ 2 S 20:14 ( + ה loc.), + 31 times; c. בְּתוֹךְ †Ez 9:4 Jb 15:19; c. בְּקֶרֶב of camp, nation(s) †Jos 1:11; 3:2 (D), 24:17 (E), Am 5:17 Dt 29:15; c. acc. †Dt 2:18; 29:15 Ju 11:29⁽⁾ Is 10:29; abs. Ex 12:23 (J) 15:16 (JE), Nu 20:19, 20 (JE), Dt 2:28 Mi 5:7 La 3:44 Ez 14:15; 33:28; †opp. שׁוּב, pass through and return, go to and fro, Ex 32:27 (E; מִשַׁעַר לָשַׁעַר בְּ׳), pt. abs. those going to and fro Ez 35:7 Zc 7:14; 9:8. †b. c. בְּ of river 2 S 19:19 + 15:23 (but read עֹמֵד We Dr Bu al.), of sea Zc 10:11, cf. Is 43:2 ψ 66:6, c. בְּתוֹךְ Nu 33:8 (P), Ne 9:11; c. בְּ of gates Is 62:10⁽⁾; cf. עֹבְרֵי בְּעֵמֶק ψ 84:7 (Ges ^{130 a}). c. pt. abs. הָעֹבְרִים the passers-through Ez 39:11a, read prob. הָעֲבָרִים (JDMich Hi Co Berthol), v 11b (Co reads אֶת־הַגַּיְא; Toy del. as gloss), v 14 (del. G S Co Toy Berthol). †d. pass through between (בֵּין) parts of victim, in covenant Gn 15:17 (J), Je 34:18, 19. e. traverse c. acc. of expanse of water Is 33:21 (of ship).

4. a. pass along by (עַל־), Gn 18:5 (J; not סַרְתֶּם אֶל־ Ball after G), 1 K 9:8 Je 18:16 + 14 times; c. עַל־פָּנָיו †Ex 34:6 (J); c. acc. †Gn 32:32 Ju 3:26 (on other possibilities v. GFM), 2 K 6:9; abs. pass by Ex 33:22⁽⁾ (J), 2 K 4:8 + 15 times, + (of wind) Jb 37:21 Pr 10:25 and (of waters, = flow past) Hb 3:10 (cf. Jb 6:15), Jb 11:16, hence מוֹר עֹבֵר Ct 5:5, 13 flowing myrrh (liquid, opp. hard = מ׳ דְּרוֹר Ex 30:23); pt. = passer-by Mi 2:8 Ez 5:14; 36:34; 39:15 + 6 times. (Pr 26:10 v. Toy), + עֹבֵר אֹרַח Is 33:8, עֹבְרֵי דֶרֶךְ †La 1:12; 2:15 Jb 21:29 Pr 9:15 ψ 80:13; 89:42; pass by = overtake and pass c. acc. †2 S 18:23. b. pass by, בְּ rei, ψ 103:16 (of wind); cf. Dt 2:4. c. sweep by, of scourge (fig.) Is 28:15, 18, 19 (cf. מַעֲבָר 3). d. be past, over, of time, etc., Am 8:5 1 K 18:29 Gn 50:4 Ct 2:11 + 7 times e. pass along (from hand to hand), only pt. שֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף עֹבֵר לַסֹּחֵר Gn 23:16 i.e. current money of the merchant (v. Bu ^{1892(3), 63}); כֶּסֶף עֹבֵר 2 K 12:5 (v. עֵרֶךְ).

5. Pass on, go on: a. abs. Gn 18:5 (J), Nu 22:26 (E), Ju 12:1 + 20 times, + Ju 11:29; 18:13 Jos 10:29 (D; all c. acc. of goal + מִן), Gn 18:3 (J; c. מֵעַל pers.); also c. אֶל־ pers. vel rei, proceed unto 1 K 19:19 2 K 4:8 Ne 2:14, c. עַל־ pers. (read אֶל־?) La 4:21; c. מִן Ru 2:8, out of the city 2 S 15:24; c. ה loc. Ju 12:1 2 S 19:41, c. ה loc. + מִן Jos 10:31, 34 (D); ע׳ מֵעִיר לָעִיר בארץ 2 Ch 30:10; abs. 2 S 19:41 all the people of Judah proceeding with the king (read עֹבְרִים for ויעברו, v. Hiph. ad fin.). †b. specif. of boundary-line, pass on, c. ה loc. Nu 34:4⁽⁾ Jos 15:3, 4; 16:6 (om. אוֹתוֹ G B cf. Benn Steuern); + מִן 19:13 + מִן + אֶל־ 18:13; c. מִן + לְ 15:6; c. אֶל־ 15:7, 10; 16:2; 18:18, 19; c. acc. loc. 15:3, 10, 11 (all P, except Jos 16:2 JE). c. c. לִפְנֵי pass on before, go in advance of Gn 32:17 Ex 17:5 (both E), Gn 32:22; 33:3, 14 (all J), Dt 9:3 + 7 times, + Dt 3:18, 28; 31:3⁽⁾ Jos 1:14 (all D) where ref. may be to crossing in advance of; c. עַל־פְּנֵו 2 S 15:18 so v 23b (reading עַל־פָּנָיו GL We Dr Klo Bu Kit HPS). †d. pass on as far as (עַד), Ju 19:12, + מִן v 18; c. אַחֲרֵי after 2 S 20:13; תַּעֲבָר־כּוֹס עַל La 4:21 pass on unto (cf. תִּסּוֹב Hb 2:16). †e. pass on into (בְּ), Jos 3:11 ( + לִפְנֵי), 4:7 (both JE), cf. Ju 9:26 Jb 33:28, so also ע׳ בִּבְרִית י׳ Dt 29:11 enter into a covenant with י׳; (Klo reads וַיַּעֲבֹר בַּבּ׳ also 2 K 23:3 for MT ויעמד). †f. pass on away from (מֵאֵת) Dt 2:8 ( + ה loc.). †g. pass on in order, for counting 2 S 2:15, עַל־יְדֵי מוֹנֶה Je 33:13, עֹבֵר עַל־הַפְּקֻדִים Ex 30:13, 14; 38:26, also pass on under (תַּחַת) rod Lv 27:32 (for counting; all P; cf. Hiph. 3 d). †h. pass along, travel c. acc. of way Is 35:8 cf. 51:10; עֹבֵר אָרְחוֹת יַמִּים ψ 8:9; c. בְּ of way Jos 3:4 Pr 4:15; 7:8. i. pass on, advance, abs., ψ 48:5 (Ol We pass away, perish), Mi 2:13a (acc. loc.).

† 6. Pass away: a. emigrate, leave one’s territory or city Mi 1:11. b. vanish, of chaff, Is 29:5 cf. Je 13:24, shadow ψ 144:4, brooks Jb 6:15 (all in sim.), Ct 5:6. c. = cease to exist, perish Na 1:12 Jb 30:15; 33:18 (בְּ instr.), 36:12 (id.), 34:20 ψ 37:36 (but read ואעבר and I passed by, cf. 4 a), cf. Is 31:9 (סלעו subj.), מֵאֱלֹהַי מִשְׁפָּטִי יַעֲבוֹר 40:27 pass away from. d. = become invalid, obsolete, of law, decree, Est 1:19; 9:27, also v 28 ( + מִתּוֹךְ הַיְהוּדִים). e. c. מִן of hands ψ 81:7 (i.e. they were freed from). f. = be alienated, pass into other hands Ez 48:14 (reading Kt; > Qr Hiph.).—Je 2:20 read אֶעֱבוֹד Kt (not אֶעֱבוֹר Qr); וָאֶתֵּן לָהֶם יַעַבְרוּם 8:13 and I gave to them that which they transgress S B T Aq Symm Ew, those that shall pass over them Hi Gf Ke RVm, those that shall consume, devour them Rothst (reading יְבַעֲרוּם) but all very dub.; G Co del.; 11:15 read Hiph. q.v.; מִנֹּגַהּ נֶגְדּוֹ עָבָיו עָֽבְרוּ ψ 18:13 is difficult; perhaps best, as Che Kit Löhr, out of the brightness before him issued forth hailstones, etc. (del. עָבָיו); > || 2 S 22:13 בָּֽעֲרוּ and so here Bu HPS cf. WoodsHbr ^{1887, 262}, his clouds burned with hailstons, etc.; read rather עברו in 2 S.

†Niph. Impf. 3 ms. נַחַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא יֵעָבֵר Ez 47:5 a stream which cannot be forded.

Pi. 1. Pf. 3 ms. שׁוֹרוֹ עִבַּר Jb 21:10 his bull impregnateth (cf. NH מְעֻבֶּרֶת pregnant, Yeb 4:1, 2; 7:3 Keth 1:9; but note also that in T^J and Talm. (both Aramaic and Heb.) עִבַּר = conceive, עִבּוּר conception, עוֹבֵר embryo.) abs. (proposes causeth to pass over, sc. simen). 2. Impf. 3 ms. זַיְעַבֵּר בְּ׳ 1 K 6:21 he made to pass across with chains of gold.—Hithp. v. [עָבַר] infr.

†Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֶעֱבִיר 2 S 12:13 +; 2 ms. הֵעֲבַ֫רְתָּ Jos 7:7 (Ges ^{63 p}), וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ֫ Ex 5:1 +; 1 s. הֶעֱבַ֫רְתִּי Zc 3:4, וְהַעֲבַרְתִּ֫י Ez 20:37 + Je 15:14 (but read והעבדתי G S T Codd Ew Hi Gf Gie), etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּעֲבֵר Gn 8:1 +, וַיַּעֲבֶר־ 2 Ch 36:22 = Ezr 1:1, sf. וַיַּעֲבִרֵנִי Ez 46:21 +, etc.; Imv. ms. הַעֲבֵר ψ 119:37 + 2 times, הַעֲבֶר־ 2 S 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8; mpl. sf. הַעֲבִירוּנִי 2 Ch 35:23; Inf. abs. הַעֲבִיר Jos 7:7 (read prob. הַעֲבֵיר); cstr. הַעֲבִיר 2 S 3:10 +, לַעֲבִיר 2 S 19:19 (Ges ^{53 q}), etc.; Pt. מַעֲבִיר Dt 18:10 Dn 11:20, pl. מַעֲבִרִים 1 S 2:24 (v. infr.);— 1. cause to pass over, bring over: a. cause one to cross river, c. 2 acc., Gn 32:24 (J), Nu 32:5 Jos 7:7 (both JE), 2 S 19:16, 42; acc. of river om. Gn 32:24 (J), Jos 4:3; 7:7 ( + Inf. abs.; both JE), 4:8 (JE; + אֶל־), 2 S 2:8 ( + acc. loc.). b. cause something to pass over (עַל־): razor (acc.) Nu 8:7 (P), cf. Ez 5:1 (where Co reads sf. of razor), wind Gn 8:1 (P). c. make over to (ל), acc. of inheritance Nu 27:7, 8 (P); of making over, dedicating, something to (לְ) deity Ex 13:12 (JE; = קִדַּשׁ). Especially d. devote children to (לְ) heathen god Je 32:35 Ez 23:37 ( + לְאָכְלָה), Lv 18:21 (H), cf. Ez 16:21; + בָּאֵשׁ by fire 2 K 23:10; c. acc. alone devote Ez 20:26; c. acc. + בָּאֵשׁ alone, devote by fire Dt 18:10 2 K 16:3; 17:17; 21:6 = 2 Ch 33:6, Ez 20:31 (on the practice cf. Now ^{ii. 205 f.} Benz ^{433 f.} Toy Ez:16:20; 20:26 GFM ^{xvi (1897), 161 ff.}).

2. a. cause to pass through, c. acc. + בְּ Ez 14:15; 47:3, 4 + v 4 (where ins. בְּ, cf. Co Berthol Toy), Nu 31:23⁽⁾ (P); c. acc. + בְּתוֹךְ ψ 136:14; c. acc. pers. alone 78:13, + אֶל־ Ez 46:21, + עַד־אֲשֶׁר Ne 2:7; c. acc. of (sound of) שׁוֹפָר Lv 25:9 (H), + בְּ v 9 (P); c. acc. קוֹל = proclamation, + בְּ Ex 36:6 (P), 2 Ch 30:5; 36:22 = Ezr 1:1, Ezr 10:7 ( + לִ pers.), Ne 8:15. b. let pass through, c. acc. + בְּ pers. Dt 2:30.

3. a. cause to pass by, c. acc. + עַל־, Ez 37:2 ( + סָבִיב סָבִיב), + עַל־פְּנֵי Ex 33:19 (J), + לִפְנֵי 1 S 16:8, 10 and (לִפְנֵי om.) v 9. b. let pass by, c. acc. מוֹעֵד Je 46:17 he hath let the set time pass by (in mocking appell. of Pharaoh). c. cause arrow to pass beyond one 1 S 20:36. d. cause to pass under rod, for counting, Ez 20:37 (cf. Qal 5 g).

4. Cause to pass away, take away, kingdom (acc.) + מִן pers. 2 S 3:10, cf. Est 8:2, put off robe + מֵעַל Jon 3:6; c. acc. of sin 2 S 12:13 (חַטָּאת) 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8, Jb 7:21 (עָוֹן), + מֵעַל pers. Zc 3:4 Je 11:15 (reading יַעֲבִרוּ מֵעַל Ew Gf Gie); put away evil (acc.) from (מִן), 1 K 15:12 cf. || 2 Ch 15:8, Zc 13:2 Ec 11:10; c. acc. alone ψ 119:39 Est 8:3; also take me away (sf.) 2 Ch 35:23 (c. מִן) v 24; turn away eyes (acc.) + מִן ψ 119:37.—Gn 47:21 read הֶעֱבִיד לַעֲבָדִים Sam G B Ol Kn Di Kau Holz; Je 15:14 read וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ G T Codd Gie; 2 S 12:31 read וְהֶעֱבִיד Hoffm ^{ii (1882), 53 f.} Gr Klo Bu Kit HPS, cf. Dr Löhr; 2 S 19:41 (for ויעברו Kt, הֶעֱבִרוּ Qr) read עֹבְרִים G We Bu Löhr HPS, וַיַּעַבְרוּ Kit (v Qal 5 a); Ez 48:14 read Qal (so Kt; v. Qal 6 f); מַעֲבִרִים עַם־י׳ 1 S 2:24 not good is the report which I hear the people of י׳ spreading (cf. 2), so Ew Th We Dr Kit Löhr RVm, but order of words difficult; > (ye) make the people of י׳ transgress B AV RV; text dub.; מַעֲבִיר נוֹגֵשׂ Dn 11:20 one causing an exactor to pass through Ew al. RV, Bev proposes נוֹגֵשׂ מ׳ an exactor causing to pass away the glory, etc.

i. עֵ֫בֶר S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^{, ,} n.m.₉₁ 1 S 14:40 region across or beyond, side (on format. cf. Ba ¹⁴⁴; cf. especially Assyrian êbru, êbirtu, id. êbirtan, adv. beyond);—ע׳ abs. 1 S 14:4 +; cstr. Jos 24:4 +; sf. עֶבְרוֹ Is 47:15; pl. cstr. עֶבְרֵי Is 7:20 Je 48:28 (si vera l., v. infr.); sf. עֲבָרָיו 1 K 5:4 Je 49:32 (read probably עֶבְרֵיהֶם, so Vrss), עֶבְרֵיהֶם Ex 32:15;— 1. region across or beyond anything (usually wady, river, or sea), mostly c. prep.: בְּעֵבֶר אַרְנוֹן Nu 21:13 (JE) Ju 11:18, cf. Je 25:22; אֶל־ע׳ הַיָּם Dt 30:13 b, מֵעֵבֶר לַיָּם v 13 a beyond the sea; מֵע׳ לְנַהֲרֵי־כוּשׁ Is 18:1, cf. עַד־מֵע׳ 1 K 4:12 (מִן on the side of, on, v. מִן 1 c; so usually c. ע׳); but also (rarely) מֵע׳ from the other side of Zp 3:10 Jb 1:19 2 Ch 20:2; abs. הָע׳ 1 S 26:13 to the other side (sc. of a ravine; after וַיַּעֲבֹר); בְּעֵבֶר הָעֵמֶק 1 S 31:7, read perhaps בְּעָרֵי הָע׳, so Klo Bu HPS; בְּעֶבְרֵי פִי־פָ֑חַת Je 48:28 beyond the mouth of a chasm is dub.; Gie proposes בְּחֹרֵי כֵפֵי בַתֹּת in the rock-holes of the precipices; especially (chiefly Hex, 37 times) ע׳הַיַּרְדֵּן (30 times), or (less often, Jos 13:32 + 13 times), לַיַּרְדֵּן, לְיַרְדֵּן יְרֵחוֹ (only c. מֵע׳), of either E. Jordan (36 times) or W. Jordan land (9 times) according to standpoint of speaker or writer: A. E. Jordan (from standpoint of writer) Gn 50:10, 11 (J) Jos 17:5 (JE) Dt 1:1, 5; 4:41, 46, 47, 49 Jos 1:14; 12:1; 13:8 (D), Nu 22:1; 32:19; 34:15 Jos 13:27, 32; 14:3; 20:8 (P), Ju 7:25; 10:8 1 S 31:7 Is 8:23 1 Ch 6:63; 12:37; from standpoint of speaker, Jos 7:7 (JE), 24:8 (E), 1:15; 2:10; 9:10; 18:7; 22:4 (D), Ju 5:17; in Nu 35:14 (Moses speaks) it is land opp. to Can., cf. Nu 32:32; in Dt 3:8 (Moses speaks) writer (D) ascribes his own standpoint to Moses; (often further topogr. note is added, e.g. מִזְרָ֫חָה Dt 4:49 +, מִזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Jos 1:15 +, etc.); אֶל־עֵבֶר בְּנֵי יִשְׂר׳ Jos 22:11 toward the region opposite the sons of Israel appar. also refers to E. side (v. Steuernagel on text). B. W. Jordan (9 times), from standpoint of speaker Dt 3:20, 25 (Moses), also 11:30 (but here + מְבוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, and in all foll. some special designation of west), + יָ֫מָּה Jos 5:1 (D; from standpoint of those just crossed), 12:7 (opposite East v 1–6), 22:7 (id.; Kt מעבר, Qr בְּעֵבֶר), cf. 9:1 (as 5:1); + וָהָ֑לְאָה Nu 32:19 a (opposite East v b); in 1 Ch 26:30 מֵע׳ לַיַּר׳ מַעֲרָ֑בָה ע׳ seems = side (v. infr.). Also בְּע׳ הַנָּהָר beyond the river (Euphrates) Jos 24:2, 14, 15 (E Kt Qr מֵע׳), מֵע׳ 2 S 10:16 = 1 Ch 19:16 beyond, and 1 K 14:5 to the other side of (v. מִן 1 c); מֵע׳ from beyond the river only Jos 24:3 (E), in all these = beyond the Euphr. eastward, from standpoint of those west of Euphr.; so pl. בְּעֶבְרֵי הַנּ׳ Is 7:20; poss. also ע׳ alone (si vera l.) in the difficult passage Nu 24:24; ע׳ הַנָּהָר = region beyond the river (Euphr.) westward (from standpoint of those in Babylonia or Persia) Ne 2:7, 9; 3:7 Ezr 8:36; also 1 K 5:4⁽⁾ (written in Bab.; cf. Biblical Aramaic עֲבַר, and Dr ^{(6) 504}). cf. late Assyrian ebir nâri Schr ^{iv. 304, 1. 7 from below;} KAT 3. 188, 437.

2. (Opposite) side, side: מֵע׳ הַלָּז 1 S 14:1 on yonder side seems transition to this meaning; מֵהָע׳ מִזֶּה twice, v 4 = on one side, on the other side, so לְע׳ אֶחָד twice v 40; even מִשְּׁנֵי עִבְרֵיהֶם Ex 32:15 (E) on their two sides (i.e. of tablets); אֶל־ע׳ הָאֵפוֹד בָּ֑יְתָה Ex 28:26 (P) toward the inner side of the ephod; in 1 K 7:20, 30 ע׳ appar. = at the side of or opposite, but the archit. details are obscure; מִכָּל־עֲבָרָיו מִסָּבִיב 1 K 5:4 on all sides of him, round about, מִכָּל־עֲבָרָיו Je 49:32 (reads עֶבְרֵיהֶם Vrss Gie) from all sides of them (all directions, = מִכָּל־סְבִיבָ֑יִךְ v 5); אֶל־עֵבֶר פָּנָיו יֵלֵ֑כוּ to the side of their faces (i.e. in front, straight forward) they (always) went Ez 1:9, 12; 10:22, cf. עַל־ע׳ פָּנֶיהָ Ex 25:37 to give light upon the space in front of it; אִישׁ לְעֶבְרוֹ תָּעוּ Is 47:15 they wander away each in his own direction (regardless of thee).—On 1 Ch 26:30 v. supr.

†ii. עֵ֫בֶר S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^{, ,} n.pr.m. Eber (perhaps eponym of Hebrews, form inferred from עִבְרִי, cf. reff. there);— 1. ‘son’ of Shelaḥ, and ‘grandson’ of Arpachshad Gn 10:24 (J) = 1 Ch 1:18, Gn 11:14, 15 (P); ‘father’ of Peleg and Joktan 10:25 (J; with especially ref. to Joktan v 26 ff., i.e. to Arabians) = 1 Ch 1:19 (cf. v 20 ff.), of Peleg specif. Gn 11:16, 17 (P; with especially ref. to Abr. v 26 f.) cf. 1 Ch 1:25 (see v 27 f.); in Gn 10:21 (J) Shem is called אֲבִי כָּל־בְּנֵי־עֵבֶר; G Εβερ.—ע׳ Nu 24:24 perhaps (si vera l.) belongs not here ( = עִבְרִים Hebrews, G Ἐβραίους, so Thes), but sub i. עֵבֶר = the (land) beyond (the river), || אַשּׁוּר, so Di Kau 2. a Gadite chief 1 Ch 5:13, G Ωβηδ, GL Εβερ. 3. Benjamite names: a. 1 Ch 8:12, G Ωβηδ, GL Αβερ. b. 1 Ch 8:22 (עֵבֶר van d. H. Ginsb; עֶבֶד Baer), G Ωβδη, A Ωβηδ, GL Αβερ. 4. a priest Ne 12:20 GL Αβεδ.

†i. עִבְרִי S^, TWOT GK^, adj. et n.gent. Hebrew, either a. put into the mouth of foreigners (Egyptian and Philist.), or b. used to distinguish Isr. from foreigners ( = one from beyond, from the other side, i.e. prob. (in Heb. trad.) from beyond the Euphrates (cf. Jos 24:2, 3 E), but poss. in fact (if name given in Canaan) from beyond the Jordan; cf. Ges ^{2 b}Sta ^{1 b} Kö^{. 18 ff.} We^{Isr. u. Jüd. 7} Kau^{‘Eber’ and ‘Hebräer’} in Ri ^{332, 600}.—On connexion of ע׳ (in wide sense) with Ḫabirû (TelAm.) v. Wkl ^{Isr. 17 ff.; Sem. Studies in of Kohut, 605 ff.} EMey^{Aegyptica [Ebers], 75} cf. Glaser ^{1897, 255 ff.} Kö^{Exp. Times xi. 238}; opp. Jastr ^{xi (1892), 118 ff.} Say ^{188, 333} WMM ³⁹⁶);—ms. ע׳ Gn 39:14 +; fs. עִבְרִיָּה Dt 15:12 Je 34:9; mpl. עִבְרִים Gn 43:32 +, עִבְרִיִּים Ex 3:18; fpl. עִבְרִיֹּת Ex 1:15 + 2 times, -וֹת 1:16; word not in P;— 1. adj. a. אִישׁ עִבְרִי Gn 39:14 cf. v 17 (both J), 41:12 (E). b. אִישׁ עִבְרִי Ex 2:11 cf. v 13; 21:2 (all E), Dt 15:12 Je 34:9, 14; f. Dt 15:12 Je 34:9. 2. n. a. Ex 1:16, 19; 2:7 (all f.) 2:6 (all E), 1 S 4:6, 9; 13:19; 14:11; 29:3. b. Gn 40:15 Ex 1:15 (f.; both E), 1 S 13:3; 14:21, Gn 43:32 (J); especially in אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִים Ex 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13; 10:3 (all J); sg. only אַבְרָם הָע׳ Gn 14:13, ע׳ אָנֹ֑כִי Jon 1:9.—G Ἐβραῖος, Ἐβραία, Gn 14:13 τῷ περάτῃ.—1 S 13:7 read prob. for וְעִבְרִים וגו׳, וְעָֽבְרוּ מַעְבְּרוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן (We), or, better, וַיַּעַבְרוּ Dr Kit Löhr; > וְעַם רַב Klo Bu HPS.

†ii. עִבְרִי S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. Levite name, 1 Ch 24:27; G Αβαι, A Ωβδι, GL Αβαρια.

†עֲבָרָה S TWOT GK n.f. ford, rare synon. of מַעֲבָר, מַעְבָּרָה;—abs. הָע׳ 2 S 19:19 and they crossed the ford (v. עבר Qal 1 a); pl. cstr. עַבְרוֹת הַמִּדְבָּר 2 S 15:28 Kt (Qr עַרְבוֹת), so 17:16 van d. H. (but Baer Ginsb עַרְבוֹת Kt also), עַב׳ preferable (so Th We Dr Bu Kit Löhr HPS), the fords of the desert (HPS 17:16 n.pr.).

†עֶבְרָה S TWOT GK n.f. overflow, arrogance, fury;—abs. ע׳ Is 13:9 +; cstr. עֶבְרַת Zp 1:18 +; sf. עֶבְרָתִי Is 10:6 +, etc.; pl. עֲבָרוֹת Jb 21:30; cstr. עַבְרוֹת ψ 7:7 Jb 40:11;— 1. overflow, excess, outburst, ע׳ זָדוֹן Pr 21:24 excess of insolence; עַבְרוֹת אַפֶּ֑ךָ Jb 40:11 outbursts of thine anger. 2. arrogance, of Moab Is 16:6 ( + גַּאֲוָה, גָּאוֹן), hence Je 48:30 ( + id. v 29). 3. overflowing rage, fury: a. of men, Gn 49:7 (poem in J), Am 1:11 (both || אַף), Is 14:6 Pr 14:35, שֵׁבֶט עֶבְרָתוֹ 22:8 (i.e. rod wielded by him in fury, v. also La 3:1 infr.), עַבְרוֹת צוֹרְרָ֑י ψ 7:7 the outbursts of fury of my foes. b. of י׳ Ho 5:10; 13:11 (|| אַף), Hb 3:8 (|| id.), Is 9:18 La 2:2 ψ 90:9, 11; + חֲרוֹן אַף Is 13:9, || id. v 13 ψ 78:49 ( + זַעַם), 85:4; אֵשׁ עֶבְרָתִי Ez 21:36 (|| זַעַם), 22:31 (|| id.), v 21; 38:19; שֵׁבֶט עֶבְרָתוֹ La 3:1 (cf. Pr 22:8 supr.); עַם עֶבְרָתִי Is 10:6 (i.e. obj. of my rage), cf. דּוֹר עֶבְרָתוֹ Je 7:29; יוֹם עֶבְרַת י׳ Zp 1:18 day of י׳ fury (coming judgment), so Ez 7:19 (del. Co Berthol, after G, as gloss from Zp); so יוֹם עֶבְרָה Zp 1:15 Pr 11:4; יוֹם עֲבָרוֹת Jb 21:30; cf. עֶבְרָה Pr 11:23.

†[עָבַר S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. denom. Hithp. be arrogant, infuriate oneself;—Pf. 3 ms. הִתְעַבָּ֑ר ψ 78:62; 2 ms. הִתְעַבַּ֫רְתָּ 89:39; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּתְעַבֵּר Dt 3:26, וַיִּתְעַבָּ֑ר ψ 78:21, 59; Pt. מִתְעַבֵּר Pr 14:16; 26:17; sf. מִתְעַבְּרוֹ 20:2;— 1. be arrogant, Pr 14:16 (opp. יָרֵא). 2. a. put oneself in a fury, become furious. c. בְּ pers. Dt 3:26 ψ 78:62; c. עִם pers. 89:39, abs. 78:21, 59 (all of God); of man, c. עַל rei. Pr 26:17. b. incite one to fury for oneself Pr 20:2 (si vera l.; cf. De Ges ^{54 f.}).

†עֲבָרִים S GK n.pr.loc. ˓Abārîm (proposes regions beyond river or sea);—usually הַר הָע׳ Nu 27:12 Dt 32:49 ( = הַר־נְבוֹ; both P), and הָרֵי הָע׳ 33:47 (לִפְנֵי נְבוֹ), v 48 (P); alone only צַעֲקִי מֵעֲבָרִים Je 22:20; the mountainous district in NW. Moab, just NE. of Dead Sea, GASm ^{548 and} Buhl ¹²²; G Αβαρειμ (—ειν), but τὸ ἐν τῷ πέραν Nu 33:47, εἰς τὸ πέδαν τῆς θαλάσσης Je 22:20.—Vid. also sub עִיִּים.

עֶבְרֹן S TWOT GK n.pr.loc. Jos 19:28 (G Ελβων, A GL Αχραν); read probably עַבְדֹּן q.v.

†עַבְרֹנָה S GK n.pr.loc. a station of Israelites in wilderness, one march from Ezion-geber, on Gulf of Aḳaba Nu 33:34, 35 (P); G (Σ)εβρωνα.

†i. [עָבוּר S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n.[m.] produce, yield (cf. Assyrian ebûru, id., Dl ¹¹; Syriac ܥܒܽܘܪܳܐ (˓buro) corn);—cstr. עֲבוּר הָאָרֶץ Jos 5:11, 12 (P).

ii. [עָבוּר S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n. only in בַּעֲבוּר₄₇, בַּעֲבֻר (Gn 27:10, 31), prep. and conj. for the sake of, on account of, in order that (perhaps orig. for the produce or gain of), sf. בַּעֲבוּרִי, 1 S 23:10, etc.;— 1. as prep.: a. Gn 3:17 ארורה האדמה בעבורך for thy sake, 8:21 בעבור האדם for man’s sake, 12:13 לְמַעַן יִיטַב־לִי בַּעֲבוּרֵךְ, v 16; 18:26, 29, Ex 9:16 ב׳ זֹאת, 13:8 ב׳ זה, 1 S 12:22 2 S 5:12; 6:12; 7:21; 9:1, 7 Am 2:6; 8:6 ואביון ב׳ נַעֲלָ֑יִם, Mi 2:10 ב׳ טָמְאָה on account of uncleanness, ψ 106:32; 132:10, etc.; 2 S 12:21 ב׳ הַיֶּלֶד חַי because of the child, (being) alive ( = while he was alive), Je 14:4 ב׳ הָאֲדָמָה חַ֫תָּה on account of the ground, (which) is dismayed, Jb 20:2 וּבַעֲבוּר חוּשִׁי בִּי read וב׳ זֹאת, or וּבַעְבוּרָהּ. Je 14:4 < read הָאֲדָמָה חַתּוּ וְעֹבְדֵר Du, cf. G. †b. sq. inf. (cf. לְמַעַן), in order to, Ex 9:16 ב׳ הַרְאֹתְךָ אֶת־כֹּחִי, 1 S 1:6 2 S 10:3 ב׳ חֲקֹר את־העיר, 18:18: so לְבַעֲבוּר Ex 20:20 2 S 14:20; 17:14; בעבור לְ 1 Ch 19:3 (|| 2 S 10:3, no לְ). † 2. as conj. Gn 27:10 ב׳ אֲשֶׁר יְבָרֶכְךָ; without אשׁר, Gn 21:30 ב׳ תִּהְיֶה לִי לְעֵדָה in order that it may be a witness for me, 27:4 ב׳ תְּבָרֶכְךָ נפשׁי, v 19, 31; 46:34 Ex 9:14; 19:9; 20:20 ψ 105:45.

†[מַעֲבָר S TWOT GK] n.[m.] ford, pass, passing;—only cstr.: 1. מַעֲבַר יַבֹּק Gn 32:23 (J) the ford of (the) Jabbok. 2. pass, מַעֲבַר מִכְמָשׁ 1 S 13:23 the pass of M. 3. passing, sweep, כָּל־מַעֲבַר מַטֶּה Is 30:32 every sweep of the rod (עָבַר 4 c).

†מַעְבָּרָה S TWOT GK n.f. ford, pass, passage;—abs. מ׳ Is 10:29; pl. מַעְבָּרוֹת Is 16:2 Je 51:32, מַעְבְּרוֹת abs. Jos 2:7 1 S 14:4; cstr. Ju 3:28 + 2 times;— 1. ford only pl. Jos 2:7 (JE), Ju 3:28; 12:5, 6 Is 16:2; so also 1 S 13:7 (for MT עָֽבְרוּ) We Dr Kit Löhr; + מַעְבֶּרֶת 1 K 7:46 = 2 Ch 4:17, v. סֻכּוֹת. 2. pass (wady, ravine:, 1 S 14:4 Is 10:29.; 3. passage in defensive works of Bab. Je 51:32.

†[עָבַשׁ S TWOT GK] vb. shrivel (cf. Arabic عَبَسَ (˓abasa) contract (especially face), frown);—Qal Pf. 3 mpl. עָֽבְשׁוּ פְרֻדוֹת Jo 1:17 the grains have shrivelled (cf. Dr Now).

†[עָבַת S TWOT GK vb. Pi. wind, weave (cf. derivatives);—Impf. 3 mpl. sf. וַיְעַבְּתוּהָ Mi 7:3 and (so) they wind it (or weave it; i.e. mischief); so Hi Che GASm, but dub.; Ew reads עָבַט = twist prevert (cp. Jo 2:7, but v עבט), We וַיְעַוְּתוּהָ = id., cf. Now (?), Dr.

†עָבוֹת S^, TWOT^, GK^, adj. having interwoven foliage. leafy;—עֵץ עָבוֹת leafy trees Ez 20:28 Ne 8:15; עֵץ עָבֹת Lv 23:40 (H); f. אֵלָה עֲבֻתָּה Ez 6:13 a leafy terebinth.—עָבוֹת 2 S 23:4 ψ 77:18 v. ii. עָב sub עוּב.

†עֲבֹת S TWOT GK^, n.m. Ju 15:13 + et f. Ju 15:14 Jb 39:10 (twisted) cord, rope; cordage; interwoven foliage (?);—abs. ע׳ Ex 28:14 + 2 times; cstr. עֲבוֹת Is 5:18 ψ 129:4; sf. 3 ms. עֲבֹתוֹ Jb 39:10, 3 mpl. עֲבֹתֵ֑ימוֹ ψ 2:3; pl. עֲבֹתִים Ju 15:13 +, עֲבֹתֹת Ex 28:14 +, etc.;— 1. cord, rope: a. as fetter, Ju 15:13, 14; 16:11, 12 Ez 3:25; 4:8 Jb 39:10 (of wild ox), so also prob. ψ 118:27 bind the festal victim (חַג) with cords Ew Ol De Hup-Now Dr al.; > with branches Che, cf. Bae Du; fig. of authority ψ 2:3 (|| מוֹסְרוֹתֵימוֹ), 129:4. b. עֲבוֹת הָעֲגָלָה Is 5:18 i.e. with which a cart is drawn (in sim.; || חַבְלֵי הַשָּׁוְא); fig. עֲבֹתוֹת אַהֲבָה Ho 11:4 with the cords of love, of י׳’s drawing Isr. (|| חַבְלֵי אָדָם). c. cordage, cord, of (twisted) golden chains on high priest’s breast-piece (all P): מַעֲשֵׂה עֲבֹת, cordage-work Ex 28:14, 22; 39:15; שַׁרְשְׁרֹת הָעֲבֹתֹת 28:14 the chains of cords (cordlike chains); שְׁתֵּי (הָ)עֲבֹתֹת the two cords v 24, 25; 39:17, 18. 2. interwoven foliage (?) in phr. (עַל־)בֵּין עֲבֹתִים of top of a vine Ez 19:11 (clouds Ew Hi-Sm Toy, read then עָבוֹת); of cedar, 31:3, 10, 14, but in these certainly clouds, so G Ew Hi-Sm Co al.

עֹג v. עוֹג.

†[עָגַב S TWOT GK] vb. have inordinate affection, lust (cf. Arabic عَجِبَ (˓ajiba) wonder, admire, عَجِيبٌ (˓ajībun) beloved; and (on sens. obsc. in NH) Levy ^{iii. 616});—Qal Pf. 3 fs. עָֽגְבָה Ez 23:7, 9, 12; Impf. 3 fs.וַתַּעְגַּב v 5, + v 16 Kt (Qr וַתַּעְגְּבָה), וַתַּעְגְּבַה v 20 (Ew ^{191 c} Ol ^{228 b}); Pt. pl. עֹגְבִים Je 4:30;—lust after (עַל־), only in fig. of relations of Samaria and Jerus. (personif.) with foreigners Ez 23:5, 9, 12, 16, 20, so c. acc. v 7; pt. as subst. paramours Je 4:30.

†[עָגָב S TWOT GK] n.[m.] (sensuous) love (on form cf. Lag ¹⁴³);—only pl. intens. שִׁיר עֲגָבִים Ez 33:32 thou art to them as a love-song.—For עֲגָבִים v 31 read כְּזָבִים G S Co Berthol Toy.

†[עֲגָבָה S TWOT GK] n.f. lustfulness;—sf. עַגְבָתָהּ Ez 23:11 (of personif. Jerus.; || תַּזְנוּתֶיהָ).

†עוּגָב S TWOT GK n.m. a musical instr. (poss. from above √, because of sensuous or appealing tones);—Gn 4:21 (J; + כִּנּוֹר), Jb 21:12 (|| תֹּף, כִּנּוֹר), ψ 150:4 ( + מִנִּים), sf. עֻגָבִי Jb 30:31 (|| כִּנֹּרִי);—according to T a reed-pipe or flute (אַבּוּבָא), B a Pan’s pipe (organon, made up of several reeds together); Now ^{i. 277} Benz ²⁷⁶ think of bag-pipe ( = סוּמְפֹּנְיָה Dn 3:5, 10, 15), cf. also in We^{ψψ 219}; > a stringed instr. G S (Gn 4:21).

עֻגָה S TWOT GK v. עוג

עגל TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. NH עָגַל Niph. berounded; Pi. roll a thing, etc.; Aramaic Pa. ܥܰܓܶܠ (˓agel) roll a thing, and deriv.; T עֲגוּלָא rolled cake, עֲגִילָא shield, בַּעֲגָלָא, Syriac ܒܰܥܓܰܠ (ba˓gal), in swiftness, swiftly; Arabic عَجِلَ (˓ajila) hasten, be swift, cf. Lag ^{31, 143}).

†עֵ֫גֶל S TWOT GK n.m. Ex 32:24 calf (as rolling or gamboling? cf. כַּר ft. כָּרַר; NH id.; Ph. (Pu.) עגל id. Lzb ³³⁶; עגילו Palm. n.pr. id. Cook⁸⁹; Aramaic ܥܶܓܠܴܐ, ܥܓܶܠܬܳܐ (˓eglo, ˓gelto), עִיגְלָא, עֲגַלְתָּא, id.; Assyrian [agalu], pl. agalê prob. calves Dl ¹⁶ (cf. against this Jen ¹¹⁰, but v. also Jäger ^{ii. 2, 286}); Arabic عِجْلٌ (˓ijlun), id.; Ethiopic እጕል, እጉልት (˒əgʷl, ˒əgult), cf. also Hom ²²⁶);—ע׳ abs. Ex 32:19 +; cstr. 1 S 28:24 +; sf. עֶגְלֵךְ Ho 8:5; pl. עֲגָלִים Ho 13:2 +; cstr. עֶגְלֵי 1 K 12:28 +;—calf, Is 11:6; 27:10 in sim. of leaping mts. ψ 29:6; in sim. of foot-sole of cherubim Ez 1:7; ע׳ מַרְבֵּק i.e. a stall-fed (fatted) calf, 1 S 28:24, in sim. Je 46:21 Mal 3:20, cf. ע׳ מִתּוֹךְ מַרְבֵּק Am 6:4; ע׳ לֹא לֻמָּ֑ד Je 31:18 an untrained calf; עֶגְלֵי עַמִּים ψ 68:31 calves of peoples, i.e. peoples like calves, so most; perhaps read בַּעֲלֵי עמ׳ Matthes Che Gunkel ^{66 f.} cf. Bae; calf as sacrif. victim Mi 6:6 Lv 9:2, 3, 8 (P); cut in two, in ratifying covenant Je 34:18, 19 (cf. עֶגְלָה Gn 15:9); elsewhere image of calf: made at Horeb, ע׳ מַסֵּכָה Ex 32:4, 8 Dt 9:16 Ne 9:18; ע׳ alone Ex 32:19, 20, 24, 35 Dt 9:21 ψ 106:19; two set up by Jerob. I in N. Isr., 1 K 12:28, 32 2 K 10:29; 17:16 2 Ch 11:15; 13:8, cf. Ho 8:5, 6 (עֶגְלֵךְ, ע׳ שֹׁמְרוֹן), 13:2; also 10:5 (v. i. עֶגְלָה as fin.).

†i. עֶגְלָה S^, TWOT GK^, n.f. heifer;—abs. ע׳ Gn 15:9 +; cstr. עֶגְלַת Is 7:21 +; sf. עֶגְלָתִי Ju 14:18; pl. cstr. עֶגְלוֹת Ho 10:5 (but v. infr.);—heifer, Is 7:21, used in ploughing Ju 14:18 (fig.), threshing Je 50:11 (ע׳ דָשָׁא, in sim., v. דּוּשׁ, read perhaps דָשָׁה), fig. of stateliness etc. Je 46:20; ע׳ מְלֻמָּדָה Ho 10:11 a trained heifer (sim. of Ephr.); used for sacrif. 1 S 16:2 (עֶגְלַת בָּקָר); cut in two for ratifying covenant Gn 15:9 (J; ע׳ מְשֻׁלֶּשֶׁת; cf. עֵגֶל Je 34:18, 19); in cleansing city from blood-guiltiness Dt 21:3 (ע׳ בָּקָר), v 4⁽⁾, 6; once of calves worshipped in N. Isr. Ho 10:5 (where read prob. עֵגֶל, so G We Now GASm, cf. Che, v. also the foll. sfs. ms.).

†ii. עֶגְלָה S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.f. wife of David (on sense heifer cf. לֵאָה, רָחֵל; v. also Gray ^{92, 27});—2 S 3:5 (G Αιγαλ, A Αιγας, GL Αγλα) = 1 Ch 3:3 (G Αλα, A Αγλα, GL Εγλα).

†עֶגְלַת n.pr.loc.;—ע׳ שְׁלִשִׁיָּה (the) third Eglath Is 15:5 (G δάμαλις τριετής) Je 48:34 (G ἀγγελίαν Σαλασεια), near Zoar and S. border of Moab.

†עָגֹל S TWOT GK, עָגוֹל adj. round;—abs. עָגֹל 1 K 7:23 + 2 times, עָגוֹל 10:19 2 Ch 4:2; fpl. עֲגֻלּוֹת 1 K 7:31;—round 1 K 7:31⁽⁾ (opp. מְרֻבָּעוֹת), 10:19; ע׳ סָבִיב round in circuit (perimeter) 7:23 = 2 Ch 4:2, 1 K 7:35.

†עֲגָלָה S TWOT GK^, n.f. cart (from rolling of wheels; NH id.; Ph. (Pu.) עגלת (?) Lzb³³⁶; Aramaic עֲגַלְתָּא, ܥܳܓܶܠܬܳܐ (˓ogelto); Sem. loan-word in Egyptian āgarƟȧ Bondi³⁸, ˓agolt Erman^{Egyptian 491}; cf. also Wilkinson ^{(1878), i. 223–241, especially 235, also 249} (illustr. vehicles drawn by cattle, cf. 1 S 6:7 Nu 7:3));—abs. ע׳ 1 S 6:7 +, sf. עֶגְלָתוֹ Is 28:28; pl. עֲגָלוֹת Gn 45:19 +; cstr. עֶגְלֹת Nu 7:3;—cart, used for transporting persons and things Gn 45:19, 21, 27; 46:5 (E), 1 S 6:7⁽⁾, 8, 10, 11, 14⁽⁾, 2 S 6:3⁽⁾ = 1 Ch 13:7⁽⁾; Nu 7:3 (ע׳ צָב covered carts), v 3, 6, 7, 8 (P); in sim. Am 2:13, עֲבוֹת הַע׳ Is 5:18 cart-rope, אוֹפַן ע׳ 28:27 of (threshing-) wagon (cf. Dr^{Am. p. 228}), גִּלְגַּל ע׳ v 28 id.;—ע׳ = warchariots only ψ 46:10 (Du transport-wagons).

†עָגִיל S TWOT GK n.[m.] hoop, ring;—abs. ע׳ Nu 31:50 prob. ear-ring ( + טַבַּעַת etc.); pl. עֲגִילִים עַל־אָזְנָ֑יִךְ Ez 16:12 ( + נֶזֶם עַל־אַפֵּךְ nose-ring).

עֶגְלוֹן S GK^, ₁₃ n.pr. (cf. Gray ^{92, 27});—† 1. m. a king of Moab, Ju 3:12, 14, 15, 17⁽⁾, G Εγλωμ. 2. loc. Jos 10:3, 5, 23, 37; 12:12; 15:34, c. ה loc. 10:34, מֵעֶגְלוֹ֫נָה v 36; G Οδολλαμ Jos 10; Αιλαμ 12:12, A Εγλωμ, GL Εγλων, and so 15:39; site ˓Aǧlân, N. of Telel-Ḥesy, Buhl ¹²⁹.

עֶגְלַ֫יִם S GK Ez 47:10 in עֵין ע׳ q.v.

†מַעְגָּל S TWOT GK^, n.m. ψ 65:12 1. entrenchment; 2. track;—abs. מ׳ 1 S 26:5 +, c. ה loc. הַמַּעְגָּ֫לָה 17:20; cstr. מַעְגַּל Pr 4:26 +; pl. cstr. מַעְגְּלֵי ψ 23:3 Pr 4:11; sf. מַעְגָּלֶיךָ ψ 65:12, elsewhere מַעְגְּלוֹתֶיךָ 17:5, מַעְגְּלֹתָיו Pr 5:21, -תֶיהָ 2:12; 5:6, -תָם 2:15 Is 59:8;— 1. circumvallation, entrenchment 1 S 17:20; 26:5, 7. 2. track (proposes wagon-track), only fig.: a. in fig. of snares of wicked ψ 140:6. b. = course of action, or life, מ׳ רַגְלֶ֑ךָ Pr 4:26, מ׳ 5:21 (|| דַּרְכֵי־אִישׁ); specif. good, right, מ׳ צֶדֶק ψ 23:3, מ׳ ישֶׁר Pr 4:11, מ׳ טוֹב 2:9 מ׳ צַדִּיק Is 26:7; bad sense Pr 2:15, 18; 5:6 Is 59:8; tracks of י׳ are those approve by him ψ 17:5; or those traversed by him, מַעְגָּלֶיךָ יִרְעֲפוּן דָּ֑שֶׁן 65:12 fig. of richly-laden cart dropping its contents in its track.

†[עָגַם S TWOT GK] vb. be grieved (NH id.; Aramaic עֲגַם, and ܥܓܡ (˓gm) (in Lexx.) id.; cf. perhaps also Assyrian agâmu, be vexed Dl ¹⁶ (rare; cited under אגם))—Qal Pf. 3 fs. אִם־לֹא … עָֽגְמָה נַפְשִׁי לָאֶבְיוֹן Jb 30:25 was not my soul grieved for the poor? (|| בָּכִיתִי).

†[עָגַן S TWOT GK] vb. Niph. shut oneself in or off (NH id., Pt. pass. restrained (especially from marriage), also עוֹגִין anchor; T עֲגַן be imprisoned);—Impf. 2 fpl. תֵּעָגֵ֫נָה לְבִלְתִּי הֱיוֹת לְאִישׁ Ru 1:13 would ye shut yourselves off, so as not to belong to a man?

עגר TWOT (√ of foll., meaning dubious; conject. in Meier ³⁸ Lag ⁵⁹; on Gk. ἀγορ cf. Lewy ⁸).

†עָגוּר S TWOT GK n.[m.] appar. understood by Mass as name of a bird; very uncertain; crane according to Saad. (Is), but note of crane not suitable (Tristr ^{239 f.});—וְתוֹר וְסוּס וְעָגוּר Je 8:7; כְּסוּס עָגוּר Is 38:14 (but here gloss Klo Brd Di Dn Che); Thes and (in Je) Hi Gf Gie del. וְ and take ע׳ as adj. of סוס = twittering or the like; Thes assumes transpos. from גער, Ethiopic ግዕረ (gə˓ra) cry.

i, ii, iii. עַד S^{, , ,} TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, ,} v. I. עדה.

עֵד S TWOT GK v. עוד.

עֹד v. עוֹד.

עִדֹּא S GK v. עדד.

עדד TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَدَّ (˓adda) count, reckon, عِدَّةٌ (˓iddatun) number, period; Aramaic עִדָּנָא time).

†[עִדָּה S TWOT GK n.f. menstruation, so Vrss (proposes time, period);—pl. abs. בֶּגֶד עִדִּים Is 64:5 i.e. stained garment (fig. of best deeds of guilty people; || טָמֵא).

†עִדּוֹ S GK, עִדֹּא S GK, עִדּוֹא S GK n.pr.m. Iddo;— 1. father of an officer of Sol. עִדֹּא 1 K 4:14; G Αχελ, A Σαδωκ, GL Αχιαβ. 2. grandfather of prophet Zechariah עִדּוֹ Zc 1:1, עִדּוֹא v 7; G Αδδω. 3. a Levite עִדּוֹ 1 Ch 6:6; G Αδει, GL Αδδω. 4. a priestly name עִדּוֹא van d. H. Ginsb (Baer עִדּוֹ) Ne 12:4; Gא etc. Αδαιας; also עדיא v 16 Kt (עֲדָיָא ?), Qr עִדּוֹא; Gא τῷ Αδδαι, GL τῷ Αδαιᾳ 5. a seer עִדּוֹ הַחֹזֶה 2 Ch 12:15 = הַנָּבִיא עִדּוֹ 2 Ch 13:22; G Αδ(δ)ω; = יֶעְדּוֹ 2 Ch 9:29, Ιωηλ(δ).

עֹדֵד v. עוד.

†I. עָדָה S^, TWOT^, GK^{, ,} vb. pass on, advance (Arabic (عدو) عَدَا ((˓dw) ˓adā) pass by, also run = Ethiopic ዐደወ (˓adawa) pass by; Aramaic עדי go along, go by (often for Heb. עָבַר), Aph. remove; Syriac ܥܕܳܐ (˓do) pass by, come, c. ܥܰܠ (˓al) fall upon);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. עָדָה Jb 28:8 the fierce lion hath not advanced upon it (sc. the way). Hiph. Pt. מַעֲדֶה בֶּגֶר Pr 25:20 removing a garment (cf. Gn 38:19 T, Jon 3:6 Heb. and T).

†i. עַד S^{, , ,} TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, ,} and וָעֶ֑ד (so always) n.m. perpetuity ( = advancing time, cf. Assyrian adû, time, at the present time);— 1. of past time: מִנִּי עַד Jb 20:4; הררי עד Hb 3:6 ancient mountains (cf. עולם 1) so Gn 49:26 (read הַרְרֵי עַד for הוֹרַ֔י עַד). 2. of future time, לָעַד (usually לָעַ֑ד) for ever: a. during lifetime, of king ψ 21:7 Pr 29:14; of others ψ 9:19; 22:27; 61:9 Pr 12:19. b. of things, לָעַד בַּצּוּר יֵחָֽצֵב֑וּן Jb 19:24. c. of continuous existence, of nations, גְּבֶרֶת עַד (of Babylon, cf. עולם 2 c) Is 47:7 (yet v. iii. עַד II 3); anger, לעד Am 1:11; elsewhere עֲדֵי עַד ψ 83:18; 92:8 Is 26:4; 65:18. d. of divine existence, שֹׁכֵן עַד Is 57:15; attributes, לָעַד ψ 111:3, 10; 112:3, 9; residence in Zion, עֲדֵי עַד 132:14; law of God, לָעַד 19:10; promise as to dynasty of David, לָעַד 89:30; עֲדֵי עַד 132:12; inheritance of land, לָעַד 37:29; continuous relations between God and his people 1 Ch 28:9 Is 64:8 Mi 7:18 לעד. e. phrases (see עולם 2 m): (לְ)עוֹלָם וָעֶ֑ד ψ 9:6; 10:16; 21:5; 45:7, 18; 48:15; 52:10; 104:5; 119:44; 145:1, 2, 21 Ex 15:18 Mi 4:5 Dn 12:3; לָעַד לְעוֹלָם ψ 111:8; 148:6; עַד־עוֹלְמֵי עַד Is 45:17.—Is 30:8 read (עַד־עוֹלָם) לְעֵד for a witness (S G T Ges Ew Di Che Du) for MT לָעַד.

†ii. עַד S^{, , ,} TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, ,} n.[m.] booty, prey (upon which one advances, falls); cf. T עֲדִי booty