†[עָסַס S TWOT GK] vb. press, crush, by threading, tread down (NH עֲסִיסִית crushed wheat; cf. Arabic عَسَّ (˓assa) go the rounds, [tramp], prowl; Syriac ܥܰܣ (˓as) explore, v. Brockelmann);—Qal Pf. 2 mpl. fig. וְעַסּוֹתֶם רְשָׁעִים Mal 3:21 (consec.).

†עָסִיס S TWOT GK n.m. Jo 1:5 sweet wine (proposes pressed out juice);—abs. ע׳ Am 9:13 (v. Dr and reff.), Jo 1:5; 4:18; in sim. Is 49:26; cstr. עֲסִיס רִמֹּנִי Ct 8:2.

†עפאים S TWOT GK Kt, עֳפָיִם Qr n.[m.]pl. foliage (cf. Ges^{93 z}; Aramaic loan-word, T עָפְיָא foliage, Syriac ܥܽܘܦܝܳܐ (˓upyo) flower, branch);—ψ 104:12.

†I. עָפַל S TWOT^, GK^, vb. swell (?; so Thes; inferred from deriv.; Arabic عَفَلٌ (˓afalun) is a tumour in the vulva or anus, عَفِلَ (˓afila) appar. denom. (cf. ii. עֹפֶל) v. Assyrian uplu, prob. tumour (Dl ⁷ ublu, but v. Jen ^{1895, 250}));—Pu. Pf. 3 fs. עֻפְּלָה Hb 2:4 according to MT (subj. נַפְשׁוֹ, cf. GASm); but subst. needed, Brd ^{1889, 121} הַנֶּעֱלָף, We Now הָעַוָּל, cf. Gu.—Hiph. v. II. עפל.

†i. עֹ֫פֶל S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.[m.] mound, hill, only as acropolis;—ע׳ abs. 2 K 5:24 +, cstr. Mi 4:8;—fortified mound or hill within city, of Jerus. (cf. Rob ^{i. 267} Gu ^{v (1882), 326}) Mi 4:8 Is 32:14; S. end of eastern hill Ne 3:26; 11:21 2 Ch 33:14 חוֹמַת הָע׳ Ne 3:27 2 Ch 27:3 (cf. חמת העפל in קרחה MI^21.22); of Samaria 2 K 5:24.

†ii. [עֹ֫פֶל S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. 1 S 6:4 hemorrhoid;—only pl. Kt (בָּ)עֳפָלִים Dt 28:27 1 S 5:6, 9, 12; cstr. עָפְלֵי 6:4; sf. עָפְלֵיכֶם v 5; Qr in all (ב)טְחֹרִים, טְחֹרֵי, טְחֹרֵיכֶם, v. [טְחוֹר].

†II. [עָפַל S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. perhaps be heedless (Arabic غَفَلَ (ğafala) be heedless, neglectful, inadvertent);—Hiph. shew heedlessness, Impf. 3 mpl. לַעֲלוֹת וַיַּעְפִּלוּ Nu 14:44 (JE) they shewed heedlessness in going up (went up heedlessly), so de Dieu, cited (and allowed) by Di Buhl^Lex; > Thes al. shewed presumption (I. עפל, this sense dub.).

†עָפְנִי S GK n.pr.loc. in Benj., הָע׳ Jos 18:24, GL Αφνη.

עפעף v. עוף.

I. עפר TWOT (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Arabic عَفَرٌ (˓afarun) dust, Assyrian epru, epiru, Tel Am ḫparu and aparu (Canaan. glosses); T עַפְרָא, Syriac ܥܰܦܪܳܐ (˓apro); NH עָפָר = BH).

†עָפָר S TWOT GK n.m. Lv 14:42 dry earth, dust;—abs. ע׳ Gn 2:7 +, cstr. עֲפַר Gn 13:16 +; sf. עֲפָרֵךְ Ez 26:12, עֲפָרוֹ Dt 9:21, etc.; pl. cstr. עַפְרֹת Jb 28:6 Pr 8:26;— 1. lit.: a. dry, loose earth, thrown (in malice) 2 S 16:13 (|| אֲבָנִים); וַיַּעֲלוּ ע׳ עַל־רֹאשׁ Jos 7:6 (JE; sign of grief), so Ez 27:30 La 2:10, and (c. זָרַק) Jb 2:12; loose earth (on surface of ground) 1 K 18:38 Am 2:7 Is 34:7, 9 Lv 17:13 (H) Ez 24:7 (in fig.), Nu 5:17 Jb 14:19; 38:38; 39:14, Gn 26:15 (R), made into siege works Hb 1:10; of sand-storm Dt 28:24 ( + אָבָק); as serpent’s food, token of punishment and humiliation, Gn 3:14 (J) Is 65:25 (cf. Mi 7:17 2 e infr.); זִחֲלֵי ע׳ Dt 32:24 (poem; cf. 2 e). b. specif. as material of human body Gn 2:7; 3:19 (J), Ec 3:20, cf. Jb 4:19; 8:19 ψ 103:14, to which it returns (שׁוּב אֶל־) Gn 3:19 Jb 10:9 ψ 104:29 Ec 3:20; so (c. עַל) Jb 34:15 Ec 12:7. c. = surface of ground Ex 8:12, 13⁽⁾ (P; ע׳ הָאָרֶץ), Jb 19:25 Is 25:12; 26:5 (both || אֶרֶץ), surface of (whole) earth Jb 41:25, מְחִלוֹת ע׳ Is 2:19 (for hiding), so ע׳ alone v 10, cf. חֹרֵי ע׳ Jb 30:6; = soil, Jb 5:6; 7:5; 14:8. d. powder of anything pulverized Dt 9:21⁽⁾ (cf. דָּ֑ק || Ex 32:20), 2 K 23:6⁽⁾, 12, 15, so in sim. 2 S 22:43 = ψ 18:43 hence = ashes v 4 Nu 19:17. e. debris of ruined city 1 K 20:10 Ez 26:4, 12 Ne 3:34; 4:4 ψ 102:15. The foll. are late: f. earth of the grave: לֶע׳ אֶשְׁכַּב Jb 7:21, so (c. עַל) 20:11; 21:26, cf. 17:16; יוֹרְדֵי ע׳ ψ 22:30, שֹׁכְנֵי ע׳ Is 26:19, יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־ע׳ Dn 12:2; עֲפַר־מָוֶת ψ 22:16; ע׳ in fig. ψ 30:10. g. mortar (i.e. dried mud) for plastering houses Lv 14:41, 42, 45 (P). h. (iron-) ore Jb 28:2; עַפְרֹת זָהָב v 6 golddust (but v. סַפִּיר). i. material of earth Is 40:12, cf. ראֹשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל Pr 8:26 the first of the earth- particles of the world. 2. fig.: a. of abundance Gn 13:16⁽⁾; 28:14 (all J) 2 Ch 1:9 Jb 27:16 ψ 78:27 (|| חוֹל יַמִּים), cf. עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב Nu 23:10 (JE); with added idea of commonness, worthlessness Zp 1:17 Zc 9:3. b of worthlessness (alone) Jb 22:24. c. sim. of the scattered, dispersed 2 K 13:7; כֶּע׳ Is 41:2 (so van d. H. Ginsb; Baer כֵּע׳; on meaning v. Du Che, reading תְּשִׂימֵם for יִתֵּן). d. of self-abasement Gn 18:27 ( + אֵפֶר), וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־ע׳ וָאֵפֶר Jb 42:6, יִתֵּן בֶּע׳ פִּיהוּ La 3:29. e. of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust) Is 29:4; 47:1 Mi 1:10 Jb 16:15; 40:13 ψ 7:6; 44:26; 119:25, sim. Jb 30:19; licking dust ψ 72:9 Is 49:23 Mi 7:17, cf. TelAm. tikalu ipra (of enemies, v. Wkl^{Altor. Forsch. iii. 291}; also of serpent 1 a supr.); of י׳ raising from the dust 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7, 1 K 16:2; of lifting oneself Is 52:2.

†[עָפַר S TWOT GK] vb. denom. Pi. וְעִפַּר בֶּעָפָר 2 S 16:13 and kept dusting (him) with dust (throwing) [lumps of] dry earth at him).

II. עפר TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic غُفُرٌ (ğufurun) young of mountain-goat, NH עוֹפֶר young of animals).

†עֹ֫פֶר S TWOT GK n.m. Ct 4:5 young hart, stag;—cstr. ע׳ הָאַיָּלִים (|| צְבִי) Ct 2:9, 17; 8:14; pl. abs. עֳפָרִים תְּאוֹמֵי צְבִיָּה 4:5; 7:4 (all in sim.).

†עֵ֫פֶר S GK n.pr.m. Αφερ, etc.;— 1. ‘son’ of Midian Gn 25:4 = 1 Ch 1:33 (GL Γοφερ). 2. in Judah 1 Ch 4:17 (A Γαφερ). 3. in Manasseh 5:24.

עַפְרָה S GK v. בֵּית לְע׳ p. 112 supr.

†עְפִרָה n.pr. 1. loc.: a. in Benj. Jos 18:23 (P), Αφαρ, etc.; 1 S 13:17 Γοφερα; prob. = עֶפְרוֹן 2 and אֶפְרַיִם 6; perhaps mod. eṭ-Ṭayyibeh, c. 4 miles NE. from Bethel, cf. GASm ²⁵² Buhl ¹⁷⁷. b. in Manasseh, Εφραθα: Ju 6:11; 8:27; cstr. עָפְרַת אֲבִי הָעֶזְרִי 6:24, but עָפְרָה וגו׳ 8:32; c. ה loc. עָפְרָ֫תָה Ju 9:5. 2. n.pr.m. 1 Ch 4:14, Γοφερα, GL Εφραθ.

†עֶפְרוֹן S GK^, n.pr. Εφρων:— 1. m. Hittite, Abr.’s time, according to Gn 23:8, 10⁽⁾, 13, 16, 17; 49:29, עֶפְרֹן 23:6; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13 (all P). 2. loc. 2 Ch 13:19 Kt (עֶפְרַיִן Qr), cf. עָפְרָה 1 a. 3. mont. הַר־ע׳, on N. border of Judah Jos 15:9.

עֶפְרַ֫יִן S GK 2 Ch 13:19 Qr v. עֶפְרוֹן 2.

†עֹפֶרֶת S TWOT GK n.m. Je 6:29^{( )} lead (√ dub.; prob. foreign word; cf. T אֲבָרָא lead, Syriac ܐܰܒܳܪܳܐ (˒aboro), and (as Aramaic loan-word) Arabic أَبَار (˒abā˒r) [v. Dozy], Frä¹⁵²; perhaps also Assyrian abaru, a metal, magnesite according to Hilpr^{Assyriaca i (1894), 80 ff.} Hpt^{ib. 83});—כִּכַּר ע׳ Zc 5:7 a round weight (disc) of lead, אֶבֶן־הָעו׳ v 5; with other metals (v. בְּדִיל): עוֹ׳ Ez 22:18, 20; 27:12, הָעֹפָ֑רֶת Nu 31:22 (P); עֹפ׳ also Jb 19:24 (with which chiselled letters are filled according to Di and most; Bu reads בְּע׳ in [a tablet of] lead); also (as flux) Je 6:29 (reading Qr; so Gf Co; emend. Gie); עוֹ׳ in sim. Ex 15:10 (song).

עֵפָ֫תָה v. עֵיפָה sub ii. עוף.

עֵץ S TWOT GK v. II. עצה.

†I. [עָצַב S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. hurt, pain, grieve (NH Nithp. and in deriv.; T עֲצַב be in pain (rare); Ethiopic ዐጸበ (˓aṣaba) be hard, difficult; Lag ^{50, 201} cp. Arabic غَضِبَ (ğaḍiba) be angry, but dub.);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. עֲצָבוֹ 1 K 1:6 his father had not pained him (G Klo Gr עֲצָרוֹ, but v. Benz); ins. עָצַב (with other words) 2 S 13:21 G Ew Th We Kit Bu HPS; Inf. cstr. sf. לְבִלְתִּי עָצְבִּי 1 Ch 4:10 that it (רָעָה) may not pain me; Pt. pass. cstr. עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ Is 54:6 hurt in spirit (of Zion under fig. of deserted wife). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נֶעְצַב 1 S 20:34 be pained for (אֶל pers.; del. G HPS); נֶעֱצַב 2 S 19:3 the king is in pain (is grieving) for (עַל pers.); Impf. 3 ms. יֵעָצֵב 1 S 20:3 lest he be pained; + בָּהֶם instr. Ec 10:9 shall be hurt by them (i.e. אֲבָנִים; only here of physical pain); 2 mpl. תֵּעָֽצְבוּ Gn 45:5 be not grieved ( + יִחַר; sq. כִּי that ye sold me), cf. Ne 8:10, 11 (abs.) do not grieve. Pi. Pf. 3 pl. עִצְּבוּ c. acc. Is 63:10 they vexed his holy spirit ( + מָרוּ); Impf. 3 mpl. דְּבָרַי יְעַצֵּ֑בוּ ψ 56:6 my affairs they vex (Thes al.), but improb., < Che בְּדָבָר יְע׳ with speech they vex (me). Hiph. Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יַעֲצִיבוּהוּ ψ 78:40 they used to cause him [י׳] pain. Hithp. Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּתְעַצֵּב אֶל־לִבּוֹ Gn 6:6 and he was vexed to his heart (of י׳; || וַיִּנָּחֶם); 3 mpl. וַיִּתְעַצְּבוּ Gn 34:7 ( + וַיִּחַר, sq. clause with כִּי).

†i. עֶ֫צֶב S TWOT^, GK^, n.[m.] pain, hurt, toil;— 1. ע׳ pain Gn 3:16 (of travail), Pr 10:22. 2. hurt (of mind), דְּבַר־ע׳ Pr 15:1 a word that hurts (opp. מַעֲנֶה־רַךְ). 3. toil Pr 14:23; pl. לֶחֶם הַעֲצַבִים ψ 127:2 bread of (gained by) toils; sf. עֲצָבֶיךָ Pr 5:10.

†i. עֹ֫צֶב S TWOT^, GK^, n.[m.] pain;—ע׳ 1 Ch 4:9 (cf. travail); דֶּרֶךְ־ע׳ ψ 139:24 hurtful way (of any wicked habit; > T Thes way of idolatry; ii. עֹצֶב); sf. עָצְבְּךָ Is 14:3 of the pain of exile.

†[עָצֵב S TWOT GK, > עַצָּב S TWOT GK] n.[m.] toiler (proposes sufferer; less well עֶצֶב toil Thes Kö^{. 1, 29} al.);—pl. sf. עַצְּבֵיכֶם תִּנְגֹּ֑שׂוּ Is 58:3 (d. f. dirim. Ges ^{20 h}) your toilers ye drive on; Klo Che עֲבֹט בְּיֶדְכֶם (cf. Vrss in part) money lent on pledge ye exact.

†[עַצֶּ֫בֶח] n.f. hurt, injury, pain;—עַצָּ֑בֶת Pr 10:10 he that winketh with the eye causeth hurt (stirs up strife, etc.); cstr. עַצְּבַת־לֵב pain of heart 15:13 (opp. לֵב שָׂמֵחַ); pl. sf. עַצְּבֹתָ֑י Jb 9:28 my pains, so read perhaps also 7:15 (for MT עַצְמוֹתָ֑י); עַצְּבוֹתָם ψ 16:4 (due to idolatry; > idols T B We al.); מְחַבֵּשׁ לְע׳ 147:3 binding up their hurts.

†עִצָּבוֹן S TWOT GK n.[m.] pain, toil;—ע׳ abs. Gn 3:17 toil; cstr. עִצְּבוֹן יָדֵינוּ 5:29 (both of agriculture); sf. עִצְּבוֹנֵךְ 3:16 (of travail; all J).

†מַעֲצֵבָה S TWOT GK n.f. place of pain (> simply pain);—לְמ׳ תִּשְׁכָּב֑וּן Is 50:11 in (constr. praegn.) a place of pain shall ye lie down.

†II. [עָצַב S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. Pi. shape, fashion (NH Pi. stretch child into shape; Buhl^Lex cp. عَضَبَ (˓aḍaba) cut, cut off [whence idea of carving, fashioning]);—Pi. Pf. יָדֶיךָ עִצְּבוּנִי וַיַּעֲשׂוּנִי Jb 10:8 thy hands shaped me, etc. Hiph. Inf. cstr. לְהַעֲצִבָה Je 44:19, but read -בָהּ, to fashion her, i.e. make images of her (poss. denom. from עָצָב).

†ii. עֶ֫צֶב S TWOT^, GK^, n.m. vessel (as fashioned);—ע׳ נִבְזֶה וגו׳ Je 22:28 a vessel despised, etc. (fig. of Coniah = Jehoiachin).

†ii. [עֹ֫צֶב S TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. idol;—sf. עָצְבִּי Is 48:5.

†[עָצָב S TWOT GK] n.[m.] idol;—always pl. עֲצַבִּים (Ges ^{93 ee}); Ho 4:17; 8:4 (כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב), 13:2 (כֶּסֶף, || מַסֵּכָה), 14:9 Zc 13:2 2 Ch 24:18 ( + אֲשֵׁרִים); cstr. עֲצַבֵּי ψ 106:38; 135:15 (כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב); sf. עֲצַבֶּיהָ Is 10:11 (|| אֱלִילֶיהָ), Je 50:2 (|| גִּלּוּלֶיהָ), Mi 1:7; עֲצַבֵּיהֶם 1 S 31:9 = 1 Ch 10:9, 2 S 5:21 (but read אֱלֹהֵיהֶם as || 1 Ch 14:12, so G We Dr al.), Is 46:1 ψ 106:36; 115:4 (כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב).

עצד TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَضَدَ (˓aḍada) lop trees with a مِعْصَدٌ (mi˓ṣadun) a kind of reaping-hook; Ethiopic ዐፀደ, ዐጸደ (˓aḍada, ˓aṣada) reap, ማዕፀድ, ማዕፅድ (mā˓əḍad, mā˓əḍəd) sickle; NH מַעֲצָד axe (smaller than כַּשִּׁיל Levy ^{ii. 423}).

†מַעֲצָד S TWOT GK n.[m.] axe;—Je 10:3; in Is 44:12 prob. del. (so Du Che Skinner).

†I. [עָצָה S TWOT GK] vb. shut (Arabic (و (w) et ى (y)) غَضَا (ğaḍā) iv. shut eyes; Ethiopic ዐጸወ (˓aṣawa) shut door);—Qal Pt. act. עֹצֶה עֵינָיו Pr 16:30 he that shuts his eyes (SS cp. עצּם [Is 29:10], which Gr reads).

II. עצה TWOT^, (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Sab. עצֿם wood DHM ^{xxxvii (1883), 341, 412}, Arabic غِضَةٌ (ğiḍatun), orig. عِضَهَةٌ (˓iḍahatun) nom. unit. of عِضَاهٌ (˓iḍāhun) large, thorny trees (v. Lane; also Nö ^{1862, 544; xxxii (1878), 406} Lag ^{158 f.}); Ethiopic ዕፅ (˓əḍ) tree, wood; Assyrian iṣ(ṣ)u; Ph. עץ wood; NH = BH; Aramaic אָע (init. א by dissim.); Ba ^{§ 2, c. 1} thinks originally bilit.)

עֵץ S TWOT GK₃₂₉ n.m. Gn 2:9 tree, trees, wood;—ע׳ abs. Gn 3:3 +, cstr. 3:24 +, עֵץ־ 2:16 +; sf. עֵֽצְךָ Dt 28:42, etc.; pl. עֵצִים Ju 9:8 +, cstr. עֲצֵי Is 7:2 +, sf. עֵצֶיךָ Dt 29:10, עֵצֵינוּ La 5:4, etc.;— 1. (c. 150 times) a. a standing tree Gn 18:4, 8 (J) +, Ex 15:25 (J; of shrub?), Je 17:18 = ψ 1:3 (sim.); to be felled Dt 19:5 2 K 6:6; הָעֵצִים (appar. incl. vine and bramble) in allegory Ju 9:8 + 6 times; Ju 9; עֵץ הַחַיִּים †Gn 2:9; 3:22, 24 (J), cf. ע׳ חַיִּים, fig. of source of (life and) happiness †Pr 3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4; ע׳ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע Gn 2:9, 16 (J); עֲצֵי (ה)יַעַר Is 7:2 (sim.), 44:14 Ez 15:2 +; עֲצֵי הַשָּׂדֶה Is 55:12 Ez 17:24 (fig.), +; עֲצֵי לְבָנוֹן 2 Ch 2:7; עֲצֵי־מַיִם †Ez 31:14; עֲצֵי י׳ †ψ 104:16; עֲצֵי עֵדֶן †Ez 31:9, 16, 18⁽⁾; עֲצֵי לְבוֹנָה Ct 4:14; of vine עֵץ הַגֶּפֶן †Ez 15:2, 6; תַּחַת כָּל־עֵץ רַעֲנָ֑ן place of illicit worship †Dt 12:2 Je 2:20; 3:6, 13 1 K 14:23 2 K 16:4; 17:10 Ez 6:13 Is 57:5 2 Ch 28:4, cf. עַל־עֵץ רַעֲנָן Je 17:2; כָּל־עֵץ עָבֹת Ez 20:28. b. coll. trees, עֵץ־הַגָּן Gn 2:16 3:1, 2, 8 (all J); usually later, ע׳ 1:12, 29⁽⁾ (P), +; עֵץ פְּרִי fruit-bearing trees Gn 1:11 (P), ψ 148:9, cf. Ec 2:5, פְּרִי עֵץ Ex 10:15 (J), Ez 36:30 Lv 23:40 (H), cf. Jo 2:22; עֵץ־מַאֲכָל Dt 20:20 Lv 19:23 (H), Ez 47:12 Ne 9:25; עֵץ הַזַּיִת Hg 2:19 olive trees, עֵץ שֶׁמֶן Ne 8:15, עֵץ־שָׁ֑מֶן Is 41:19; סֲבָךְ־עֵץ ψ 74:5 thicket of trees; עֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה Ex 9:25 (J), +; עֵץ הַיַּעַר †Ez 15:6, cf. Is 10:19; 44:23; כִּימֵי הָעֵץ Is 65:22 (sim. of great age). c. pl. of trees felled for building, 1 K 5:20, 32 ( + אֲבָנִים); עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים 2 S 5:11 = 1 Ch 14:1 + 7 times; עֲצֵי בְרוֹשׁים 1 K 5:22, 24; 9:11; (אַלְגּ׳) עֲצֵי אַלְמֻגִּים, v. אַלְגּ׳ p. 38 supr. 2. (c. 175 times; c. 120 times pl., to denote pieces [or articles] of wood) a. wood, as material; for building, 2 K 12:13 ( + אַבְנֵי מַחְצֵב), 22:6 = 2 Ch 34:11 (both + id.), Ne 2:8 +; עֲצֵי שָׁ֑מֶן 1 K 6:23, 31, 33 cf. v 32; עֲצֵי־גֹּפֶר Gn 6:14 (Noah’s ark), עֲצֵי שִׁטּים Ex 25:5, 10 + 20 times Ex (of tabern. and its furniture; all P) Dt 10:3; מִגְדַּל־עֵץ Ne 8:4; מוֹטֹת עֵץ Je 28:13 (in fig.; opp. מ׳ בַּרְזֶל); כְּלִי־עֵץ article of wood Lv 11:32; 15:12 Nu 31:20, cf. 35:18 (all P). Hence b. עֵצִים = articles of wood Ex 7:19 (P; || אֲבָנִים), 1 Ch 29:2; so עֲצֵי בְרוֹשִׁים 2 S 6:5 (but v. בְּרוֹשׁ ad fin.); specif. הָעֵץ = helve of axe Dt 19:5; עֵץ חֲנִית(וֹ) 1 S 17:7 Qr (Kt חֵץ) = 1 Ch 20:5, 2 S 21:19; 23:7; עֲצֵי הָעֲגָלָה 1 S 6:14 (i.e. wood of which cart was made), עֲצֵי הָאֲשֵׁרָה Ju 6:26; especially timbers of a house Zc 5:4 Hb 2:11 Lv 14:45, of a city 1 K 15:22 = 2 Ch 16:5, Ez 26:12; עֵץ of pole on which bodies of slain (criminals and others) were exposed (perhaps orig. tree) Gn 40:19 (E), Jos 8:29⁽⁾; 10:26⁽⁾, 27 (all JE), Dt 21:22, 23; late (in Pers.) used for executing criminals (? by hanging = gallows), תָּלָה עַל־עֵץ Est 2:23 + 8 times Est. †c. of idols, עֵץ וָאֶבֶן Dt 4:28; 28:36, 64; 29:16 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19, Ez 20:32, cf. Je 2:27; 3:9 Hb 2:19; so עֵץ alone Ho 4:12 Is 40:20, cf. 44:19; 45:20; אֲשֵׁרָה כָּל־עֵץ Dt 16:21. d. (fire-)wood Jos 9:23, 27 (J), v 21 (P), Dt 19:5 Is 30:33 +, read עֵצִים also Ez 24:5 (for MT עצמים Bö Ew Sm Co Berthol Toy; especially for sacrifices 1 K 18:23⁽⁾ +, Gn 22:7, 9⁽⁾ Lv 1:7 + 6 times Lv (all P), 2 S 24:22 || 1 Ch 21:23, +; עֲצֵי עוֹלָה Gn 22:3, 6 (P). e. עֵץ (הָ)אֶרֶז cedar-wood, used in purifications Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 Nu 19:6 (all P). f. פִּשְׁתֵּי הָעֵץ Jos 2:6 woody-flax, i.e. flax on the stalk.—Je 10:8 Gie proposes הֶבֶל מֹעֲצֹתָו for MT הֲבָלִים עֵץ הוּא.—מֹאֶסֶת כָּל־עֵץ Ez 21:15 is dub., Sm proposes מָאַסְתָּ כָל־עֵץ, Co מֹאֲסֵי כָל־עֹוֹ, Berthol וּמְאַסֵּף כָּל־עַז; Siegf Toy leave untranslated.

†ii. עֵצָה S^, TWOT^, GK^{, ,} n.f.coll. trees Je 6:6, but read עֵצָהּ (עֵץ c. sf. 3 fs.), so Orient. Codd. G S B T Hi Gf— 1. עֵצָה v. sub. יָעַץ.

III. עצה TWOT^, (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Assyrian eṣênṣêri, eṣênu of the back, prob. spine; Arabic عَصًا (˓aṣan) os cruris, Lane^2068c bone of the shank, عُصْعُص (˓uṣ˓uṣ) os caudae coccygisve).

†עָצֶה S TWOT GK n.[m.] either spine or os sacrum, bone close to fat-tail, הֶע׳ Lv 3:9.

IV. עצה TWOT^, (√ of foll.; Lag ¹⁵⁷ cp. غَضْيَاءُ (ğaḍyā˒u) a land abounding with the trees called غَضَا (ğaḍā))

†עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר S GK n.pr.loc. usually Γασιων [Γες.] Γαβερ, near Elath at head of Gulf of Aḳaba 1 K 9:26 = 2 Ch 8:17, ע׳ גָּ֑בֶר 1 K 22:49 = 2 Ch 20:36; עֶצְיֹּן גָּ֑בֶר Dt 2:8 Nu 33:35, 36 (P).

†[עָצֵל S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. Niph. be sluggish (NH in der. species, and deriv.; cf. Arabic عَظِلَ (˓aẓila) iii. stick fast in coitu, Lane²⁰⁸⁶; Syriac ܥܛܶܠ (˓ṭel) be stupid);—Impf. 2 mpl. אַל־תֵּעָֽצְלוּ לָלֶכֶת Ju 18:9 be not sluggish in going.

עָצֵל S^, TWOT^, GK^, ₁₄ adj. sluggish, lazy;—always ע׳ abs.;—אִישׁ־ע׳ Pr 24:30; elsewhere subst. sluggard Pr 6:6, 9 + 10 times Pr + הֶע׳ 10:26.

†עַצְלָה S TWOT GK n.f. sluggishness;—ע׳ Pr 19:15; du. intens. עֲצַלְתַּיִם Ec 10:18 doble (i.e. great) sluggishness (so Thes De al.; read then perhaps עַצְלָתַיִם; > from עָצֵל a sluggish pair, i. e. hands Ew al.), but improb.; || שִׁפְלוּת יָדַיִם, whence Bi conj. עַצְלוּת, Siegf עַצְלַת יָדַיִם.

†עַצְלוּת S TWOT GK n.f. id.;—לֶחֶם ע׳ Pr 31:27.

†I. [עָצֹם S TWOT GK cf. Lag ³¹], עָצַם S TWOT^, GK^, vb. be vast, mighty, numerous (NH Nithp. contend strenuously, and in deriv.; Ph. in עצמת mighty deeds, עצמם bones; Arabic عَظُمَ (˓aẓuma) be great in bone, or anything, عَظُمٌ (˓aẓumun) bones; Ethiopic ዐፅም (˓aḍm) id.; Aramaic עִטְמָא, ܥܰܛܡܳܐ (˓aṭmo) thigh);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְעָצַם consec. Dn 8:24; 11:23; 2 ms. עָצַמְתָּ Gn 26:16; 3 pl. עָֽצְמוּ Is 31:1 +, עָצֵ֑מוּ ψ 38:20; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיַּעַצְמוּ Ex 1:7, 20; Inf. cstr. עָצְמַת Is 47:9; sf. עָצְמוֹ Dn 8:8;— 1. be mighty, Gn 26:16 (J; c. מִן comp.), Dn 8:8, 24; 11:23. 2. be numerous, || רַבּוּ etc., Is 31:1, בְּעָצְמַת חֲבָרַיִךְ מְאֹד 47:9, Je 5:6; 30:14, 15 Ex 1:7 (P), v 20 (J), ψ 38:20; 69:5; c. מִן comp. Je 15:8 ψ 40:6, 13; alone 139:17. Hiph. make strong, Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיַּעֲצִימֵהוּ ψ 105:24 + מִן comp.

†עֹ֫צֶם S TWOT GK^, n.[m.] might, bones;— 1. might, cstr. ע׳ יָדִי Dt 8:17, ע׳ יָֽדְךָ Jb 30:21; sf. עָצְמָהֿ Na 3:9 (Ges ^{91 e}); + בְּע׳ רוּחוֹ Is 11:15 (Thes al.; for MT בַּעְיָם ר׳). 2. bones (coll.): sf. עָצְמִי ψ 139:15 = my frame.

†עָצְמָה S TWOT GK n.f. might;—Is 40:29 (|| כֹּחַ) 47:9 Na 3:9.

i. עֶ֫צֶם S^, TWOT GK^, ₁₂₅ n.f. ψ 35:10 Jb 19:20 (c. pron. masc. Ez 37:5, 6 etc., cf. Albr ^{xvi (1896), 73}) bone, substance, self;—abs. ע׳ Gn 2:23 +; עָ֑צֶם Pr 15:30; 16:24; cstr. עֶצֶם Ex 24:10 +; sf. עַצְמִי Jb 19:20 +, etc.; pl. עֲצָמוֹה 2 K 23:16 +; cstr. עַצְמוֹת Jos 24:22 +; sf. עַצְמֹתַי Jb 4:14 +, etc.; also עֲצָמִים Ez 24:4 +, sf. עֲצָמַי Gn 2:23 +, etc.;— 1. bone: a. of living pers. Mi 3:2, 3 (hyperb.), Jb 10:11; 19:20 La 4:8 ψ 102:6 Ec 11:5 +; fig. of close relationship †עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי Gn 2:23, cf. 29:14 (both J), Ju 9:2 2 S 5:1 = 1 Ch 11:1, 2 S 19:13, 14 (all + בָּשָׂר). b. ע׳ + בָּשָׂר = body, Jb 2:5; pl. = bodily frame Je 20:9 (sim.), limbs, members, לַעֲצָמֶיהָ Ju 19:29 i.e. limb by limb (GFM); as seat of vigour Jb 20;11, etc. c. (poet.) as seat of disease and pain Jb 30:17, 30 and (especially of personif. Isr.) ψ 22:15; 31:11; 102:4 La 1:13 Hb 3:16 +. d. pl. as representing entire person = one’s whole being, (especially of personif. Isr.) ψ 6:3 (|| נֶפֶשׁ v 4), 35:10 (|| נֶפֶשׁ v 9), Is 66:14; of individ. (incl. physical and moral) Pr 3:8; 14:30; 15:30; 16:24. e. sg. = external body La 4:7 Ew Th al., but dub.; Bi Bu bones ( = branches) of coral (פְּנִינִים); Löhr עוֹרָם their skin. f. especially of dead Nu 19:16, 18 (P), Ez 37:1 +; often (pl.) = remains Am 6:10 Gn 50:25 Ex 13:19⁽⁾ Jos 24:32 (all E) 2 S 21:12, 13 +. 2. bone of animal Ex 12:46 Nu 9:12 (both P); Ez 24:4, 5 (symbol.); of (living) hippopot. Jb 40:18. † 3. sg. substance, self (cf. גֶּרֶם 3): כְּע׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם Ex 24:10 (JE), like the substance of the sky = the sky itself; בְּע׳ תֻּמּוֹ Jb 21:23 i.e. full prosperity; especially אֶת־ע׳ הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה Ez 24:2 this selfsame day, בְּע׳ וגו׳ 24:2; 40:1 Gn 7:13; 17:23, 26 Ex 12:17, 41, 51 Lv 23:21, 28, 29, 30 Dt 32:48 Jos 5:11 (all P) Ez 40:1, עַד־ע׳ וגו׳ Ez 2:3 Lv 23:14 (P), Jos 10:27 (R).—Ez 24:5a read הָעֵצִים (Bö Ew al.); v 10 del. הָעֲצָמוֹת (Co Toy); Jb 7:15 read מֵעַצְּבוֹתָ֑י (Reiske Me Bu Du al.); ψ 53:6 read perhaps מֵעֲצַת (cf. || ψ 14:6 Bae; v. Hup Che al.); 69:5 read מֵעַצְמוֹתַי (for MT מַצְמִיתַי), S Ol Che Bae al.

†ii. עֶ֫צֶם S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. Ασομ, etc., in Negeb of Judah, עָֽצֶם Jos 15:29, Simeon 19:3 1 Ch 4:29 (עֶצֶם).

עָצוּם S TWOT GK₃₁ adj. mighty, numerous;—ע׳ Gn 18:18 +, pl. עֲצוּמִים Is 8:7 +, עֲצֻמִים Mi 4:3 +; sf. עֲצוּמָין ψ 10;10;— 1. mighty, especially of people, strong in numbers (often || רַב, גָּדוֹל) Gn 18:18 Ex 1:9 Nu 14:12; 22:6 JE; Dt 4:38 + 6 times D, Mi 4:3, 7 Zc 8:22 Is 60:22 (opp. צָעִיר), of locusts Jo 1:6; 2:2, 5, cf. v 11; so of חַיִל Dn 11:25; עַם לֹא עָצוּם, i.e. feeble Pr 30:26 (of the שָׁפָן); less often of individ. מְלָכִים ע׳ ψ 135:10; of waters Is 8:7; ע׳ alone Pr 18:18 the mighty, Dn 8:24; ψ 10:10 his mighty ones (i.e. claws, of lion). 2. numerous, countless (all || רַב): Am 5:12 ψ 35:18; as subst. = many Is 53:12 Pr 7:26.

†II. [עָצַם S TWOT^, GK^, ]. Je 50:17. denom. Pi. עִצְּמוֹ broke his bones Je 50:17.

†[תְּעֲצֻמָה n.f. might;—pl. intens. עֹז וְתַעֲצֻמוֹת ψ 68:36 strength and abundant might.

†עַצְמוֹן S GK n.pr.loc. Ασε(λ)μωνα, on extreme S. border of Canaan, Nu 34:5, c. ה loc. עַצְמֹ֫נָה v 4, עַצְמ֫וֹנָה Jos 15:4.

†III. [עָצַם S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. shut the eyes (NH Hiph.; poss. connex. with Syriac ܥܡܰܨ (˓maṣ) = id., Arabic غَمَضَ, غَمُضَ (ğamaḍa, ğamuḍa), ii, iv (on ض (ḍ) = ܨ (ṣ) v. Nö ^{xxxii (1878), 406}); NH עִמֵּץ close eyes of dead; cf. BA ^{5 f.});—Qal Pt. וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מִן Is 33:15 shutteth his eyes from seeing. Pi. Impf. 3 ms. וַיְעַצֵּם אֶת־עֵינֵיכֶם Is 29:10 he hath tightly shut your eyes (cf. I. עצה).

IV. עצם (√ of foll., si vera l.; cf. Arabic عَصَمَ (˓aṣama) defend, protect, عِصْمَةٌ (˓iṣmatun) defence, v. Du and cf. Thes; >De Di al. your mighty things, strong arguments (from עָצוּם, sub I. עצם, which foll. perhaps imitates in vocalization)).

†[עֲצֻמָה] n.f. defence;—pl. sf. עֲצֻמוֹתֵיכֶם (so Baer Ginsb; van d. H. עַצֻּמ׳) Is 41:21 bring forward your defences, defensive arguments (Che עַצְּבוֹתֵיכֶם your idols, after Gr, [so Lo Klo explain עצמ׳, as mightiest aid, I. עצם]).

(ה)עצנר 2 S 23:8, v. i. עָדִין sub I. עדן.

עָצַר S TWOT GK₄₆ vb. restrain, retain (NH id.; cf. prob. Assyrian eṣêru, retain, restrain, Dl ¹²² Jäger ^i.483 Zehnpfund^{ib. 500} cf. Assyrian uṣurtu, taboo SAC^{, 1904, 754}.; Ethiopic ዐጸረ (˓aṣara) press, Arabic عَصَرَ (˓aṣara); T עֲצַר, Syriac ܥܨܰܪ (˓ṣar) id.);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Gn 20:18 +, sf. עֲצָרַנִי 16:2; 1 s. עָצַרְתִּי Dn 10:8, 16, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעְצֹר 1 S 9:17 +, יַעְצָר־ 2 Ch 2:5; sf. יַעֲצָרְכָה 1 K 18:44, etc.; Inf. abs. עָצֹר Gn 20:18, cstr. לַעְצֹר 2 Ch 22:9, וַעְצֹר Jb 4:2 (Ges ^{28 b}); Pt. pass. עָצוּר Je 33:1 +, etc.;— 1. restrain, c. acc. pers. Gn 16:2 (J; + מִן, i.e. prevent), עָצֹר עָצַר בְּעַד כָּל־רֶחֶם 20:18 (E), cf. abs. Is 66:9 (opp. מוֹלִיד); sq. inf. 2 K 4:24; c. acc. pers. alone 1 K 18:44 hinder, stop; c. acc. of sky (hindering rain) Dt 11:17 2 Ch 7:13; pt. pass. abs. shut up, or hindered (for reasons not given) Je 36:5 Ne 6:10 (? by a vow, or by ceremonial uncleanness, cf. RS ^{i. 436 f., 2nd ed. 455 f.}); = shut up (c. ב, in prison) 2 K 17:4, pt. pass. Je 33:1; 39:15, fig. 20:9; on עָצוּר וְעָזוּב (5 times), v. I. עזב; עֲצֻרָה לָנוּ 1 S 21:6 women have been kept away with ref. to us (cf. RS), עָצוּר מִפְּנֵי 1 Ch 12:1 kept away form fefore Saul; = detain, c. acc. Ju 13:15, 16; in Jb c. בְּ, ע׳ בְּמִלִּין 4:2, cf. 29:9, so בַּמַּיִם 12:15; ע׳ בְּעַמִּי 1 S 9:17 is rule over, etc. (si vera l.); ins. also (with other words) 10:1 G We Dr al. 2. (late) retain, c. acc. בֹּחַ 2 Ch 13:20; 22:9 Dn 10:8, 16; 11:6; + inf. = be able to 1 Ch 29:14 2 Ch 2:5; om. בֹּחַ 14:10 ( + עִמְּךָ), 20:37 ( + inf.). †Niph. be restrained, stayed, of plague: Pf. 3 fs. נֶעֱצָ֑רָה Nu 17:15; Impf. 3 fs. תֵּעָצַר 2 S 24:21 = 1 Ch 21:22, וַתֵּעָצַר Nu 17:13; 25:8 (P) 2 S 24:25 ψ 106:30; be shut up (of sky), Inf. cstr. בְּהֵעָצֵר 1 K 8:35 = 2 Ch 6:26; be under restraint or detention Pt. נֶעְצָר 1 S 21:8 + לִפְנֵי י׳ (? i.e. kept by a vow, cf. HPS and Ne 6:10 supr.).

†עֶ֫צֶר S TWOT GK n.[m.] restraint (?), only יוֹרֵשׁ ע׳ Ju 18:7 a possessor of restraint, i.e. ruler, but G B wealth, so Thes al., text very dub., cf. GFM; Bu conj. that ע׳ combines readings אֹצָר and עֹשֶׁר.

†עֹ֫צֶר S TWOT GK n.[m.] restraint, coercion;—ע׳ abs.: מֵע׳ וּמִמִּשְׁפָּט Is 53:8 from (as a result of) coercion and judgment he was taken off; cstr. ע׳ רָעָה ψ 107:39; ע׳ רָ֑חַם Pr 30:16 restraint of womb, barrenness (so ψ 107:39 Perles ⁸⁵).

†עֲצָרָה S TWOT GK, עֲצֶ֫רֶת n.f. assembly (?as confined, held in);—abs. עֲצָרָה Is 1:13 + 2 times; עֲצֶ֫רֶת Dt 16:8 + 3 times, עֲצָ֑רֶת 2 Ch 7:9; cstr. עֲצֶ֫רֶת Je 9:1; pl. sf. עַצְרֹתֵיכֶם Am 5:21;— 1. sacred assembly, rejected by י׳, Is 1:13 and (at Bethel, etc.) Am 5:21; for Baal 2 K 10:20; Dt 16:8 (last day of Maṣṣoth), Lv 23:36 (P), Nu 29:35 (P), Ne 8:18 (all of day after feast of booths), cf. 2 Ch 7:9 [NH of feast of weeks, T עֲצַרְתָּא Jos iii. 10, 6 Ἀσάρτα]; occasional, Jo 1:14; 2:15. 2. assemblage, company (in gen.), ע׳ בֹּגְדִים Je 9:1 an assemblage of deceivers (Gr עֲדַת; Che חֶבְרַת).

†מַעְצוֹר S TWOT GK n.[m.] restraint, hindrance;—מ׳ 1 S 14:6 sq. inf., י׳ has no hindrance in delivering.

†מַעְצָר S TWOT GK n.[m.] restraint, control;—מ׳ Pr 25:28 a man whose spirit is without control.

עקב (√ of foll., meaning dub.: Thes assumes be protuberant, whence both עָקֵב heel, and II. עָקֹב hilly).

†i. עָקֵב S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.m. heel, footprint, hinderpart (Arabic عَقِبٌ (˓aqibun) heel, fig. end (of a month), عِقْبَةٌ (˓iqbatun) mark, sign, trace; Aramaic עִקְבָּא, ܥܩܶܒ (˓qeb) heel, footprint, fig. trace, mark (cf. Wsd 2:4 S, Ecclus 13:26 ℌ S), also end, extremity;—ע׳ abs. Gn 3:15 +, cstr. עֲקֵב 25:26, pl. cstr. עֲקְבֵי Ct 1:8, עִקְּבֵי Gn 49:17 Ju 5:22, עִקְּבוֹת ψ 77:20; 89:52, etc.;—a. heel, of man, Gn 25:26 וְיָדוֹ אֹחֶזֶת בַּעֲקֵב אָחִיו, as obj. of attack from behind, 3:15 וְאַתָּה תְּשׁוּפֶנּוּ עָקֵב, Jb 18:9 יֹאחֵז בְּע׳ פַּח, Je 13:22 נֶחְמְסוּ עֲקֵבָ֑יִךְ are treated violently, i.e. are rudely exposed (|| נִגְלוּ שׁוּלַיִךְ); as instrument of attack, ψ 41:10 הִגְדִּיל עָלַי עָ׳ hath made great the heel against me, i.e. given me insidiously great fall (fig. for, taken some cruel advantage of me; cf. ὑποσκελίζω); of an animal, Gn 49:17 הַנּשֵׁךְ עִקְּבֵי סוּס, Ju 5:22. b. mark of heel, footprint, Ct 1:8) צְאִי־לָךְ בְּעִקְבֵי הַצֹּאן, ψ 56:7 יִשְׁמְרוּ עַקִבַי they mark my footprints, i.e. watch me insidiously wherever I go, 89:52 אֲשֶׁר חֵֽרְפוּ עִקְּבוֹת מְשִׁיחֶ֑ךָ i.e. followed him mockingly, of י׳ (fig.) ψ 77:20 עִקְּבוֹתֶיךָ לֹא נוֹדָ֑עו thy footprints were not known (the waters closing over them). c. hinder-part, rear (of a troop of men), Gn 49;19 וְהוּא יָגוּד עָקֵב׃ (read עֲקִבָם ׃ אָשֵׁר) he will troop on their rear, Jos 8:13 עֲקֵבוֹ (cf. Di).

†עָקַב S TWOT GK vb. follow at the heel, fig. assail insidiously, circumvent, overreach (denom. from עָקֵב; cf. Arabic عَقَبَ (˓aqaba) follow (at the heel), succeed, iii. bring consequence on, i. e. punish, Qor 22:59, iv. make to follow, i. e. reward or punish, عَاقِبَةٌ (˓āqibatun) end, final lot 6:11, reward 6:136; ܥܩܰܒ (˓qab) hold back (rare), follow, Pa. investigate, search out: Ethiopic ዐቀበ (˓aqaba) is keep, guard);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. Ho 12:4 בַּבֶּטֶן עָקַב אֶת־אָחִיו he attacked his brother at the heel (cf. Gn 25:26 sub עָקֵב); Impf. 3 ms. Gn 27:36 הֲכִי קָרָא שְׁמוֹ יַעֲקֹב וַיַּעְקְבֵנִי זֶהּ פַעֲמַיִֹם and he hath overreached me now twice; + Inf. abs. Je 9:3 כָּל־אָח עָקוֹב יַעֲקֹב surely overreacheth (|| רָכִיל יַהֲלֹךְ). [G πτερνίζω, to attack with the heel; but this dub. In ‘supplant,’ also, the fig. is a different one.] Pi. Jb 37:4 וְלֹא יְעַקְּבֵם, dub.; poss. attack at the heel (cf. זִנֵּב), hence fig. hold back; more prob. read וְלֹא יְעַכְּבֵם holdeth them not back (sc. בְּרָקָיו his lightnings), when his voice is heard, from עִכֵּב to hold back (common in NH; T עַכֵּב).

†ii. עָקֵב S^, TWOT^, GK^, adj. verb. overreacher, ψ 49:6 עֲוֹן עֲקֵבַי יְסֻבֵנִי i. e. of those who would take some insidious advantage of me.

†i. עָקֹב S TWOT GK^, adj. 1. insidious, deceitful, Je 17:9 עָקֹב הַלֵּב מִכֹּל. 2. foot-tracked (denom. from i. עָקֵב) Ho 6:8 גִּלְעָד קִרְיַת פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן עֲקֻבָּה מִדָּם.

†ii. עָקֹב S TWOT GK^, adj. steep, hilly (v. √; cf. عَقَبَةٌ (˓aqabatun) difficult mountain path, Qor 90:11; ዐቀብ (˓aqab) hill);—Is 40:4 והיה הֶעָקֹב לְמִישׁוֹר let the steep ground (Ch) become a plain (|| הָֽרְכָסִים). Cf. Ecclus 6:20.

†עָקְבָה n.f. insidiousness, 2 K 10:19 וְיֵהוּא עָשָׂה בְע׳.

†עֵ֫קֶב S TWOT GK n.[m.] consequence,, usually as adv.acc. as a consequence of, because (that), also reward, end (v. sub עָקַב; and cf. عَقِبٌ (˓aqibun) heel, fig. consequence, result);— 1. Is 5:23 מַצְדִּיקֵי רָשָׁע עֵקֶב שֹׁחַד (adv. acc.) in consequence of a bribe, ψ 40:16 ( = 70:4) עַל עֵקֶב בָּשְׁתָּם (pleon.) according to the consequence of their shame, i. e. in consequence of the disgrace falling upon them. Hence as conj. עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר as a consequence of (the fact) that, because, Gn 22:18 ע׳ אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקֹלִי, 26:5 2 S 12:6; so עֵקֶב כִּי 2 S 12:10 Am 4:12 ע׳ כִּי זאת אעשׂה לך; עֵקֶב alone, Nu 14:24, and (sq. impf.) Dt 7:12 ע׳ תשׁמעון in consequence of your hearkening, etc., 8:20. 2. consequence = gain, reward, ψ 19:12 בְּשָׁמְרָם עֵקֶב רָב, Pr 22:4 עֵקֶב עֲנָוָה (וְ)יִרְאַת י׳ עשֶׁר וגו׳. 3. end (of time), adv. acc., ψ 119:33 וְאֶצֳּרֶנָּה ע׳ to the end, v 112 לְעוֹלָם ע׳ (cf. Ecclus 16:3; T עִקְבָּא (rare)).

†עַקּוּב S GK n.pr.m. GB usually (Ι)ακουν[μ], A GL Ακ(κ)ουβ:— 1. descendant of David 1 Ch 3:24. 2. heads of post-exilic families: a. Ezr 2:43 = Ne 7:45. b. Ezr 2:45 (si vera l.). 3. Levites: a. 1 Ch 9:17. b. Ne 8:7. c. Ne 11:19; 12:25.

יַּעֲקֹב₃₄₄, יַעֲקוֹב₅ n.pr.m. et gent. Jacob, Ιακωβ, son of Isaac and Rebekah, father of tribes of Isr. (expl. from עָקֵב heel Gn 25:26 Ho 12:4, i.e. supplanter; cp. with עָקַב overreach Gn 27:36; one closely following according to Lag ¹²⁷; connexion with Pal. city (?) called in Egyptioan Y˓kb’ara (i.e. יַעֲקֹב־אֵל) is obscure; cf. Mey ^{vi. 1 ff.} WMM ^{162 ff.} Jen ^{x (1895–6), 347 ff.}; v. also Bab. n.pr.m. Ya˓ḳubilu, Pinches in Hom^{AHT 61, 96, 112}; hence OT יַעֲקֹב perhaps orig. יעקבאל or the like, cf. Palm. n.pr. בלעקב, עתעקב);—יַעֲקוֹב Je 30:18 + 3 times Je, Lv 26:42; יַעֲקֹב 215 times Hex (chiefly JE; 180 times Gn, once Lv, etc.), 34 times ψ, 42 times Is (27 times 40–66), etc.;— 1. as n.pr.m. Gn 25:26 + 205 times ( + אַבְרָהָם, יִצְחָק 19 times); also בֵּית יַע׳ of people (v. בַּיִת 5 d (γ)), בְּנֵי יַע׳ (v. בֵּן 1 j (β)), זֶרַע יַע׳ (v. זֶרַע 4 f), עֵין יַע׳ (v. עַיִן), etc. 2. as n.pr.gent. (c. 100 times; poet. and proph.) Nu 24:5, 19 Dt 32:9 ψ 44:5 Is 10:21; 17:4 Je 10:25; 30:7 +; || יִשְׂרָאֵל Nu 23:7 Dt 33:10 Is 14:1 ψ 14:7 + c. 35 times; specif. of N. Isr. Am 7:2, 5 Ho 12:13 ( + 10:11; 12:13 prob., v. Now), Mi 1:5⁽⁾ Is 9:7; of Judah Mi 3:1, 8 Ob 10 Is 65:9 Mal 2:12 + al. postexilic; גְּאוֹן יַע׳ v. גָּאוֹן; †אֵל יַע׳ ψ 146:5, אֱלוֹהַּ יַע׳ ψ 114:7 †; אֱלֹהֵי יַע׳ 2 S 23:1 Is 2:3 = Mi 4:2 + 9 times ψψ, + ψ 24:6 (א׳ יַע׳ for MT יַע׳ alone), so G S B Ew Ol Hup Bae We Che al.; read א׳ יַע׳ also prob. 2 S 23:2 (for א׳ יִשׂ׳, || צוּר יִשׁ׳) B HPS; קְדוֹשׁ יַע׳ Is 29:23 (|| א׳ יִשׂ׳); מֶלֶךְ יַע׳ 41:21 (|| יהוה).—On יַעֲקֹב v. especially Dr^‘Jacob’ in Hastings ^{ii. 526 ff.}.

†יַעֲקֹ֫בָה S GK n.pr.m. Simeonite 1 Ch 4:36 Ιωκαβα, A Ιακαβα, GL Ιεκεβα.

†I. [עָקַד S TWOT GK] vb. bind (NH id., bind bent limbs together; Arabic عَقَدَ (˓aqada) tie, tie fast; Ethiopic ዐቀደ (˓aqada) Syriac ܥܩܰܕ (˓qad) and especially ܥܰܘܩܶܕ (˓awqed) bend, twist; T עֲקַד as NH, also kneel, cf. Chr. Pal., Schwally ⁷¹);—Qal Impf. וַיַּעֲקֹד אֶת־יִצְחָק Gn 22:9.

עֵ֫קֶד S GK n.[m.] in בֵּית ע׳ הָרֹעִים, v. p. 112 b.

II. עקד (√ of foll.; usually identif. with I, whence עָקֹד striped with bands, but dubious; Lag ³¹ vocalized √ עָקֹד).

†עָקֹד S TWOT GK adj. striped, streaked;—of Jacob’s goats and sheep; as subst. ע׳ Gn 30:40 (coll.), pl. עֲקֻדִּים 31:8⁽⁾; pl. as attrib. 30:35, 39, pred. 31:10, 12.

†[עָקָה S TWOT GK] n.f. ψ 55:4 v. עוק p. 734.

עקה TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَقَا (˓aqā) hinder).

†מַעֲקֶה S TWOT GK n.[m.] parapet;—Dt 22:8.

†[עָקַל S TWOT GK] vb. bend, twist (NH especially in deriv.; T in deriv.; Syriac ܥܩܠ (˓ql) twist, in der. spec.; Arabic عَقَلَ (˓aqala) bind camel’s folded fore-shank and arm together);—Pu. be bent out of shape, crooked, Pt. fig. מִשְׁפָּט מְעֻקָּל Hb 1:4 crooked justice.

†[עֲקַלְקָל S TWOT GK] adj. intens. crooked;—fpl. אֳרָחוֹת עֲקַלְקַלּוֹת Ju 5:6 i.e. roundabout paths (GFM); sf. עֲקַלִקַלּוֹתָם ψ 125:5 their crookednesses.

†עֲקַלָּתוֹן S TWOT GK adj. crooked (according to Sm ^{iv. 213} constellation Draco);—לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ ע׳ Is 27:1.

†עֲקָן S GK n.pr.m. in Edom;—וַע׳ Gn 36:27, (Ι)ουκαμ, = יַעֲקָן 1 Ch 1:42, Ωναν, Ιαακαν, etc. (v. Lag ^{84 Anm.}; also בְּנֵי־יַעֲקָ֑ן and בְּאֵרֹת ב׳ י׳ְ).

עקר (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Aramaic עִקָּרָא, ܥܶܩܳܪܳܐ (˓eqoro) root; Ethiopic ዐቃር (˓aqār) medicine; Arabic vb. appar. denom. عَقَرَ (˓aqara) extirpate, T עֲקַר id.; NH עָקַר = BH).

†i. עֵ֫קֶר S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. offshoot, member (? from root);—cstr. ע׳ מִשְׁפַּחַת גֵּר Lv 25:47 a member of a sojourner’s family.

†[עָקַר S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. denom. pluck or root up;—Qal Inf. cstr. לַעֲקוֹר c. acc. Ec 3:2 (opp. נָטַע). Niph. Impf. 3 fs. עֶקְרוֹן תֵּעָקֵר Zp 2:4 (word-play).

†עִקֵּר vb. Pi. denom. (from עֵקֶר or other like word = (root-sinew), hamstring);—hamstring horses (on Arabic funeral usage, with camel and horse v. We ^{2, 181}). Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Jos 11:9, Impf. 3 ms. וַיְעַקֵּר 2 S 8:4 = 1 Ch 18:4, 2 ms. תְּעַקֵּר Jos 11:6 all c. acc.; Pf. 3 mpl. עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר Gn 49:6 they hamstrung an ox.

†עָקָר S TWOT GK adj. barren;—ע׳ of male Dt 7:14, עֲקָרָה of female v 14 (mankind and beasts), Ex 23:26 (E; female); elsewhere of women Gn 11:30; 25:21; 29:31 (all J), Ju 13:2, 3 1 S 2:5 Jb 24:21 ψ 113:9 (עֲקֶרֶת cstr.); of personif. Zion Is 54:1.

†ii. עֵ֫קֶר S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. in Judah 1 Ch 2:27, Ακορ, Ικαρ.

†עַקְרָב S^, TWOT GK n.m. < [f.] as in NH Syriac Mand. Arabic (Levy gives Talm. [Aramaic] as m., but are readings correct ?), Nö (privately). scorpion (appar. quadrilit.: NH id.; Assyrian aḳrabu; Ethiopic ዐቅረብ (˓aqrab); Arabic عَقْرَبٌ (˓aqrabun) עַקְרַבָּא);—abs. עַקְרָב Dt 8:15 (coll.; of wilderness), pl. עַקְרַבִּים Ez 2:6 (fig. of enemies); יִסַּר בָּע׳ 1 K 12:11, 14 = 2 Ch 10:11, 14, i.e. scourges with points, stings.—Vid. also מַעֲלֵה עַקְרַבִּים.

עֶקְרוֹן S GK₂₂ n.pr.loc. Eḳrȏn, Ακκαρων (in Assyrian Amḳarruna COT, Dl ²⁸⁹ who proposes עַקָּרוֹן);—Philistine city, one of the famous five, Am 1:8 Jos 13:3 (D) + 4 times Jos (P), Ju 1:8 1 S 10⁽⁾ + 5 times 1 S; 2 K 1:2, 3, 6, 16 Je 25:20 Zp 2:4 Zc 9:5, 7; mod. ˓Ákir Rob ^{i. 227 ff.} GASm ¹⁹³ Buhl ^{187 f.}

†עֶקְרוֹנִי S GK adj.gent. of foregoing, c. art. = subst. the Eḳrônite Jos 13:3 (D); pl. הָעֶקְרֹנִים 1 S 5:10.

†[עָקַּשׁ vb. twist (NH id. (rare));—Niph. Pt. cstr. נֶעְקַשׁ דְּרָכַיִם Pr 28:18 one crooked in ways (< pl., cf. Toy). Pi. Pf. 3 pl. עִקְּשׁוּ לָהֶם Is 59:8 their paths they have twisted. Impf. 3 mpl. יְעַקֵּ֑שׁוּ Mi 3:9 all that is straight they make crooked; Pt. מְעַקֵּשׁ דְּרָכָיו Pr 10:9 (cf. Niph.). Hiph. Impf. וַיַּעְקְשֵׁנִי Jb 9:20 (Ges ^{53 n}) he hath declared me crooked, devious (in life).

†i. עִקֵּשׁ S^, TWOT GK^, adj. twisted, perverted;—abs. דּוֹד ע׳ וּפְתַלְתֹּל Dt 32:5 a generation twisted and crooked, לֵבָב ע׳ ψ 101:4; as n.m. (of one devious in life) the perverted 2 S 22:27 = ψ 18:27, Pr 22:5, of things 8:8; cstr. ע׳ דְּרָכַיִם 28:6, ע׳ שְׂפָתָיו 19:1, עִקֶּשׁ־לֵב 17:20; pl. אָרְחֹתֵיהֶם עִקְּשִׁים 2:15 whose ways are twisted; cstr. עִקְּשֵׁי־לֵב 11:20.

†ii. עִקֵּשׁ S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. a Tekoan 2 S 23:26 = 1 Ch 11:28, 1 Ch 27:9; Εισκα, Εκκις, etc.

†עִקְּשׁוּת S TWOT GK n.f. crookedness:—cstr. ע׳ פֶּה crookedness of mouth Pr 4:24; 6:12 (cf. עִקֵּשׁ 19:1).

†[מַעֲקָשׁ S TWOT GK] n.[m.] twisted, crooked place;—pl. מַעֲקַשִּׁים Is 42:16 (opp. מִישׁוֹר).

†i. עָר S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^, n.pr.loc. in Moab, S. of Arnon (Ηρ Nu 21:15, elsewhere chiefly Αροηρ);—ע׳ Nu 21:15 Dt 2:9, 18, 29; עָר מוֹאָך Nu 21:28 Is 15:1;—usually interpreted as capital city (עָר = עִיר) of Moab (DHM ^{xxxvii (1883), 398} cp. Sab. ער fortified height, cf. Mordtm ²⁹ Hal ¹⁵⁹, so Arabic آلْعُرُّ (˒āl˓urru), dial. of Yemen); Buhl ^{269 f.} thinks name of district S. of Arnon.

†ii. עָר S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^, n.m. only 2 times: עָרֶ֑ךָ 1 S 28:16 (v. Dr); read צָרֶ֑ךָ thine adversary Klo HPS (al. as altern. with foll.) >עִם רֵעֶ֑ךָ G S T Th Bu Kit (?) al.; עָרֶיךָ ψ 139:20 is very dub.; Hup עָלֶיךָ, Ol Che al. שְׁמֶ֑ךָ; Bae leaves untranslated.

עֵר S GK v. I. עוּר.

I. ערב TWOT^{, ,} (√ of foll.; prob. עָרֵב mix; NH עָרַב mix; so T Pa. (often), Syriac ܥܪܰܒ (˓rab) mix (rarely, in der. forms), ܥܰܪܽܘܒܳܐ (˓arubo) mixture).

†i. עֵ֫רֶב S TWOT^, GK^{, ,} n.m. Ex 12, 38 mixture, mixed company;—heterogeneous body attached to a people; to Israel Ex 12:38 (E), Ne 13:3; to Egyptians Je 25:20 (B joins to v 19, so Gie); to Chaldeans 50:37; in Je 25:24 del. וְאֵת … הָעֶרֶב as doublet (so Gie, cf. G); in 1 K 10:5 read עֲרָב (as || 2 Ch 9:14, so Benz Kit al.); Ez 30:5 read prob. id. (Co).

ii. עֵ֫רֶב S TWOT^, GK^{, ,} ₉ n.[m.] woof (as mixed, interwoven, with warp);—Lv 13:48 + 8 times 13 (all opp. שְׁתִי warp), cf. GFM ^{1889, clxxviii}.

עָרֹב S TWOT GK₉ n.m. Ex 8, 20 prob. swarm (mixture, from incessant, involved motion; Lag ¹¹² doubts);—of plague of stinging flies, coming in a swarm (v. Di Ex) Ex 8:17⁽⁾ + 5 times 8 (J), ψ 78:45; 105:31.

†II. עָרַב S^{, ,} TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, , ,} vb. take on pledge, give in pledge, exchange (NH go surety for (rare); Ph. ערב surety; Old Aramaic ערבא pledge; T עֲרַב, Syriac ܥܪܰܒ (˓rab), go surety for; usually identified with I. ערב—mix, exchange, pledge—but quite uncertain; cf. Buhl^Lex Lag ²⁰³);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Gn 44:32 + 4 times; 2 ms. עָרַבְתָּ Pr 6:1; Impf. 1 s. sf. אֶעֶרְבֶנּוּ Gn 43:9; Imv. עֲרֹב ψ 119:122, sf. עָרְבֵנִי Is 38:14, so Jb 17:3 (but v. infr.); Inf. cstr. לַעֲרֹב Ez 27:9; Pt. עֹרֵב Pr 17:18, etc.;— 1. c. acc. pers. take on pledge, i. e. go surety for the safety of, Gn 43:9 (J), 44:32 (J; + מֵעִם pers.); for the debts of Pr 11:15; 20:16; 27:13; of God Is 38;14 go surety for me, ψ 119:122, so Jb 17:3 (si vera l., v. עֵרָבוֹן; acc. pers. om., ע׳ לֵ Pr 6:1 go surety to one (in behalf of another, || תָּקַּע לַזָּר כַּפֶּ֑יךָ); c. acc. rei Pr 22:26 (|| תֹּקְעֵי־כָ֑ף. 2. give in pledge, c. acc. rei Ne 5:3 (i. e. mortgage), fig. ע׳ אֶת־לִבּוֹ Je 30:21 so ע׳ עֲרֻלבּה לִפְנֵי רֵעֵהוּ Pr 17:18 (|| תֹּקֵעַ כָּ֑ף). 3. exchange (in trade), c. acc. cogn. מַעֲרָבֵךְ Ez 27:9, 27. Hithp. 1. recipr.: Imv. הִתְעָ֫רֶב נָא אֶת־אֲדֹנִי 2 K 18:23 exchange pledges (make a bargain) with my lord = Is 36:8. 2. a. have fellowship with, בְּ pers., Pf. 3 pl. הִתְעָֽרְבוּ Ezr 9:2; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְעָֽרְבוּ ψ 106:35; 2 ms. תִּתְעָרָ֑ב c. לְ pers. Pr 20:19, c. עִם pers. 24:21. b. share in, בְּ rei, 3 ms. יִתְעָרַב Pr 14:10 in his joy no other shares.

†עֲרֻבָּה S TWOT GK n.f. thing exchanged, pledge, token;—sf. עֲרֻבָּתָם 1 S 17:18 = a token from them, i.e. response, token of welfare, Th Dr al.; abs. as acc. cogn. עָרַב ע׳ Pr 17:18 give a pledge.

†עֵרָבוֹן S TWOT GK n.[m.] pledge;—נָתַן ע׳ give a pledge Gn 38:17, 18, לָקַח ע׳ v 20 (all J), receie (back) a pledge (when condition is fulfilled).—Jb 17:3 read perhaps עֶרְבֹנִי (for MT עָרְבֵנִי), as obj. of שִׂימָה set my pledge (a surety for me), so Beer Bu al.

†i. [מַעֲרָב S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. usually coll. articles of exchange, merchandise (only of Tyre, Ez 27);—sf. מַעֲרָבֵךְ v 13, 17, 19, 25, 27 a.34; as acc. cogn. c. עָרַב v 9, 27; pl. sf. מַעֲרָבַיִךְ v 23 perhaps thy (diverse) wares (DHM ^{viii (1894), 4} proposes, ingeniously, meaning imports, deriveing from. V. ערב enter, but improb.).

†[תַּעֲרֻבָה S TWOT GK] n.f. pledge;—only pl. in phr. בְּנֵי הַתַּעֲרֻבוֹת 2 K 14:14 i.e. hostages = 2 Ch 25:24.

†III. [עָרַב S^{, ,} TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, , ,} ] vb. be sweet, pleasing (NH id. (rare); Hiph. Impf. יעריבו Ecclus 40:21; T עָרִיב adj. pleasant, sweet);—Qal Pf. 3 fs. עָֽרְבָה Je 31:26 my sleep was sweet to me (לִי), וְע׳ שְׁנָתֶ֑ךָ consec. Pr 3:24; of offering לֹא ע׳ לי׳ Mal 3:4; 2 fs. עָרַבְתְּ Ez 16:37 c. עַל pers., to whom thou wast pleasing; 3 pl. לֹא עָֽרְבוּ לִי Je 6:20 (of sacrif.); Impf. 3 ms. יֶעֱרַב עָלָיו שִׂיחִי ψ 104:34 let my meditation be pleasing unto him ! 3 fs. תֶּעֱרַב לְ Pr 13:19 (of realized wish); 3 mpl. לֹא יֶעֶרְבוֹ לוֹ Ho 9:4 (of sacrifice; but Kue Che We GASm Now read יַעַרְכוּ).

†עָרֵב S TWOT GK adj. sweet, pleasant;—ע׳ לָאִישׁ לֶחֶם שָׁ֑קֶר Pr 20:17; קוֹלֵךְ ע׳ Ct 2:14.

IV. ערב TWOT^{, ,} (√ of foll.; poss. be arid; Thes cp. Ethiopic ዐብረ (˓abra) be arid, sterile, so Baentsch^{Die Wüste (1883), 17}, but dub.; Syriac ܥܳܪܳܒܳܐ (˓orobo) = BH; Arabic العَرَبَة (˒l-˓arabat) n.pr. of depression S. of Dead Sea).

†עֲרַב S^, TWOT^, GK^{, ,} n.[m.] desert-plateau, steppe (cf. Che ¹²⁹);—בַּעֲרָ֑ב בַּעֲרַב (si vera l.) Is 21:13⁽⁾ in the steppe (of what we know as N. Arabia); but in v b Vrss Lo Che Gu al. בָּעֶרֶב in the evening.

†עֲרָבִי S TWOT GK n.gent. of foregoing, steppe-dweller;—Is 13:20; כַּעֲרֶבִי בַּמִּדְבָּר֑ Je 3:2.

†עֲרָב S TWOT GK n.pr.gent.coll. steppe-dwellers of N. Arabia (Wetzst^{. vii. 463 f.}; extended later (so Herod. ^ii.11 etc.) to whole peninsula, cf. Arabic العَرَبُ (˒l-˓arabu) the Arabs, Bedúwy the people, Doughty^{, i. 224}; Sab. ערבן, ערב, אערב CIS ^{iv. p. 123}, Assyrian Aribu, Arubu, Arabi, people in N. Arabia, Dl ^{295 f. 304 f.} COT Je 25:24; also Urbi Dl ^{305 f.} of nomad ‘Arab’ tribes);—מַלְכֵי ע׳ הַשֹּׁכְנִים בַּמִּדְבָּר Je 25:24 (v. i. עֵרֶב), 2 Ch 9:14 + || 1 K 10:15 (v. id.); ע׳ also Ez 27:2 + 30:5 (v. id.); v. especially Nö^Arabia in Ency. Bib.

†עַרְבִי S GK adj.gent. Arabian (in strictly ethnographic sense, Nö);—הָע׳ as subst. Ne 2:19 Geshem the Arabian, so 6:1; pl. הָעַרְבִים Ne 4:1 2 Ch 21:16; 22:1; also (written as NH) הערביים 26:7 (Qr הָעַרְבִים), and even הָעַרְבִיאִים 17:11.

i.†עֲרָבָה S^, TWOT^, GK^, ₆₁ n.f. desert-plain, steppe; abs. ע׳ 2 S 4:7 +, sf. עַרְבָתָהּ Is 51:3; pl. עֲרָבוֹת Je 5:6 ψ 68:5, cstr. עַרְבוֹת 2 K 25:5 +, עַרְבֹת Je 52:8;— 1. earliest use: a. arid steppe W. of Dead Sea (in S. Judah) 1 S 23:24, also Ez 47:8 Is 51:3, whence name יָם הָע׳ Jos 3:6 (JE || יָם הַמֶּלַח), also 2 K 14:25 Dt 4:29, and (|| id.) 3:17 Jos 12:3 (D); נַחַל הָעֲרָבָה Am 6:14 must be E. of Dead Sea, si vera l., but read prob. נ׳ מִצְרַיִם v. נַחַל. b. Jordan-valley W. of river + adjacent plain; near ford (opp. Jericho) 2 S 2:29, cf. Jos 8:14 (JE); also Dt 11:30 2 K 25:4 = Je 39:4 = 52:7;—2 S 15:28; 17:16 v. עֲבָרָה. c. Jordan-valley E. of river 2 S 4:7. 2. in D: a. especially of E. Jordan plain Dt 1:1 (prob.) Jos 12:1, 3, E. half of Jordan-valley Dt 3:17; 4:49; of entire Jordan-valley (between כִּנֶּרֶת and Dead Sea, mod. El-Ghôr, the Depression) Dt 1:7 Jos 11:2, 16; W. Jordan plain only Jos 12:8; depression S. of Dead Sea (mod. Wady el-˓Arabah) Dt 2:8. 3. in P always pl. cstr. עַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב (E. Jordan) Nu 22:1 + 11 times (v. מוֹאָב); ע׳ יְרֵחוֹ (W. Jordan) Jos 4:13; 5:10, also 2 K 25:5 = Je 39:5 = 52:8. 4. appar. N. Arabian desert Is 40:3; 41:19. 5. in gen. the steppe (often || מִדְבָּר), Je 17:6; 50:12 Is 33:9; 35:1, 6 Jb 24:5; 39:6 ψ 68:5; זְאֵב עֲרָבוֹת Je 5:6 (fig. of invader); cf. description of Exodus אֶרֶץ עֲרָבָה וְשׁוּחָה Je 2:6; in sim., of a plain, of future land of Judah Zc 14:10.—Vid. Dr Dt 1:1 ^{and reff.} Buhl ¹¹¹.

עַרְבָתִי S GK v. בֵּית הָעֲרָבָה.

V. ערב TWOT^{, ,} (√ of foll.; cf. Assyrian erêbu, enter, go in; srêb šamši, sunset; Arabic غَرَبَ (ğaraba) set (distinct from غَرَبَ (ğaraba) depart, = Sab. עֿרב withdraw, according to DHM ²⁷), غَرْبٌ (ğarbun) place of sunset, west; Sab. מערבם, מערבי [not עֿ !] west, western, CIS^{iv. p. 199} DHM; Ethiopic ዐርበ (˓arba) set (of heavenly bodies), so Syriac ܥܪܶܒ; ܥܪܽܘܒܬܳܐ (˓reb; ˓rubto) evening (Lag ^{64 f.}); Zinj. מערב west; NH עֶרֶב = BH. Hence also Εὐρώπη, Europe, Lewy ¹³⁹).

עֶ֫רֶב S^{, ,} TWOT^{, ,} GK₁₃₁ n.[m. 1 S 20:5 del. הַשְּׁלִישִׁית v. We Dr al.] (sun)set, evening;—abs. ע׳ 2 K 2:16 +, עָ֑רֶב Ex 12:18 +; cstr. עֶרֶב Pr 7:9; du.. עַרְבַּיִם Ex 30:8 + 4 times, -בָּ֑יִם 12:6 + 5 times (all P);— 1. a. evening, orig. sunset, and hence perhaps לְעֵת ע׳ at the time of sunset †Gn 8:11 (J), 24:11 (J; || לְעֵת צֵאת הַשֹּׁאֲבֹת), 2 S 11:2 Is 17:14 and (of the day of י׳) Zc 14:7, עֵת הָע׳ Jos 8:29 (JE)†; usually ע׳ alone = time of sunset, evening: בָּע׳ in the evening Gn 19:1 (J), 29:23 (E), Ex 12:18 (P), Dt 16:6 ( + כְּבוֹא שֶׁמֶשׁ), 1 K 22:35 (cf. || 2 Ch 18:34 where + לְעֵת בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ) + 20 times + בָּע(־)בָּע׳ 2 Ch 13:11⁽⁾ = every evening; לָע׳ at evening only late: †1 Ch 16:40; 23:30 2 Ch 2:3 Ezr 3:3 ψ 59:7, 1R; 90:6 Ec 11:6†; לִפְנוֹת ע׳ at the turn of evening †Gn 24:63 (J), Dt 23:12; ע׳ as adv. acc. Ex 16:6 (P), ψ 55:18; as marking duration of impurity, in phr. עַד־הָע׳ Lv 11:24 + 30 times P + Lv 22:6 (H); of Day of Atonement מֵע׳ עַד־ע׳ 23:32 (P). b. du. in phrase (only P) בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם between the two evenings, i.e. prob. between sunset and dark (v. Thes [various views fully given]; otherwise Di Ex 12:6; on form as poss. only expanded pl. v. Ges ^{88 c}), †Ex 12:6; 16:12; 29:39, 41; 30:8 Lv 23:5 Nu 9:3, 5, 11; 28:4, 8†. c. other phrases are: צִלְלֵי ע׳ Je 6:4 (dist. from צָהֳרָ֑יִם and לָ֑יְלָה v 5), מִנְחַת (הָ)ע׳ †2 K 16:15 Ezr 9:4, 5 ψ 141:2 Dn 9:21†; זְאֵבֵי ע׳ v. i. זְאֵב; for all combin. with בֹּקֶר morning, v. ב׳ 1 d, e. 2. (late poet.) = night, עָ֑רֶב Jb 7:4; cf. בְּנֶשֶׁף בְּעֶרֶב יוֹם Pr 7:9 (|| בְּאִישׁוֹן לַיְלָה וַאֲפֵלָה).

†[עַרַב] vb. denom. become evening; grow dark (?);—Qal Inf. cstr. רָפָה הַיּוֹם לַעֲרוֹב Ju 19:9, but read prob. נָטָה הַיּוֹם לָעֶרֶב GL GFM; Pf. 3 fs. fig. עָֽרְבָה Is 24:11 all joy has grown dark, but read עָֽבְרָה has passed away Lo Gr Perles ⁹¹ Che al. Hiph. Inf. abs. הַשְׁכֵּם וְהַעֲרֵב 1 S 17:16 doing it at morning and at evening.

†ii. מַעֲרָב S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.[m.] west (late) (place of sunset);—מִמַּעֲרָבָה ( = -בָהּ, cf. De Ges ^{91 e}) Is 45:6 from its setting-place (opp. מִמִּזְרַח־שֶׁמֶשׁ); מַעֲרָב opp. מִזְרָח also 43:5; 59:19 ψ 103:12; 107:3, so לַמּ׳ westward 1 Ch 7:28; 12:16 (van d. H. v 15), 26:16, 18; מ׳ opp. מוֹצָא ψ 75:7; מִן־הַמִּעֲרָב (alone) Dn 8:5; c. ה loc. מַעֲרָ֫בָה 1 Ch 26:30 westward, sq. לְ = to the west of 2 Ch 32:30; 33:14, מִמּ׳ לַגִּבְעָה Ju 20:33 according to G (not B) B Be GFM al. (v. [מָעֲרֶה]).

VI. ערב TWOT^{, ,} (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic غَرِبَ (ğariba) be black, غُرَابٌ (ğurābun); Assyrian âribu, êribu; Aramaic ܥܽܘܪܒܳܐ (˓urbo), עוּרְבָּא, all crow, raven). עֹרֵב n.pr.m. Ju 7:25; 8:3 ψ 83:12 עוֹרֵב Is 10:26.

†עֹרֵב S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. Lv 11:15 raven;—ע׳ Is 34:11; הָע׳ Gn 8:7 Lv 11:15 Dt 14:14 Jb 38:41; כָּעוֹרֵב Ct 5:11 black as the raven; בְּנֵי עֹרֵב ψ 147:9, young ravens; pl. abs. הָעֹרְבִים 1 K 17:4, 6; cstr. עֹרְבֵי־נַחַל Pr 30:17.

†ii. [עֲרָבָה S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n.[f.] poplar (populus Euphratica = Arabic غَرَبٌ (ğarabun) We in De Gn (4), 568 Kersten ^{ii. 209} De Is (4) 44, 4 Löw ^{p. 300 Anm.}; NH עֲרָבָה; √ obscure);—pl. abs. עֲרָבִים עַל־יִבְלֵי־מָ֑יִם Is 44:4, cf. ψ 137:2; cstr. עַרְבֵי־נָ֑חַל Lv 23:40 (H), Jb 40:22; נַחַל־הָעֲרָבִים Is 15:7 (a wady in Moab; identification dub., v. conjectures in Buhl ¹²⁴).