†[עָרַג S TWOT GK] vb. long for (cf. Arabic عَرَجَ (˓araja) ascend, ii. bend, incline toward (على); عَرِيجٌ ((˓ly); ˓arījun) high, elevated; Ethiopic ዐርገ (˓arga) ascend; NH עֲרוּגָה = BH);—Qal Impf. 3 fs. תַּעֲרֹג ψ 42:2 (of stag, c. עַל rei in sim.); c. אֶל, of longing for God v 2 (subj. נַפְשִׁי), so תַּעֲרוֹג Jo 1:20 (of beasts, craving water).

†[עֲרוּגָה S TWOT GK] n.f. garden terrace or bed;—cstr. עֲרוּגַת הַבֹּשֶׁם Ct 5:13 bed of balsam (sim.); pl. cstr. עֲרֻגוֹת הַבּ׳ 6:2, ע׳ מַטָּעָהּ Ez 17:7 i.e. where the vine was planted, עֲרֻגֹת צִמְחָהּ v 10 (all fig.).

†i. עֲרָד S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. Can. city in the Negeb, Αραδ (Egyptian ˓a-ru-dâ WMM ^{168, 170});—Ju 1:16, מֶלֶךְ־ע׳ Nu 21:1 (JE) = 33:40, Jos 12:14 (D, Α(ι)ραθ, A GL Αδερ); prob. mod. Tel Arad, 16 1/2 miles S. of Hebron; cf. GFM Ju 1:16 Buhl ¹⁸².

†ii. עֲרָד S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. Benjamite 1 Ch 8:15, Ωρηρ, A Αρωδ, GL Αραδ.

†[עָרָה S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^{, ,} ] vb. be naked, bare (Arabic عَرِىَ (˓ariya) be naked; Ph. ערה [Pi.] lay bare (cf. Bloch Lzb); Assyrian ûru, nakedness, also desert waste (cf. [עָרָה] infr.) Jäger ^{ii. 282} and reff.; NH עֶרְוָה = BH, T עִירְיְתָא; Syriac ܥܪܳܝܽܘܬܳܐ (˓royuto) in Lexx);—Pi. Pf. 3 ms. עֵרָה Is 22:6 Zp 2:14; Impf. 3 ms. יְעָרֶה Is 3:17; 3 fs. וַתְּעַר Gn 24:20; 2 ms. juss. תְּעַר ψ 141:8; 3 mpl. וִיעָרוּ 2 Ch 24:11; Imv. mpl. עָ֫רוּ ψ 137:7⁽⁾; Inf. abs. עָרוֹת Hb 3:13 (Ges ^{75 n});— 1. lay bare Is 3:17; 22:6 Zp 2:14 (indef. subj.); of laying foundations bare, i.e. tearing down walls, etc. Hb 3:13 (yet on text v. Now), abs. עָ֫רוּ עָ֑רוּ ψ 137:7⁽⁾. 2. lay bare by removing contents, empty, water-jar Gn 24:20 (J; + אֶל loc.), chest 2 Ch 24:11. 3. pour out, אַל־תְּעַר נַפְשָׁי ψ 141:8 (i.e. slay). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֶעֱרָה: 1. make naked, of sexual offences Lv 20:18, 19 (both || גִּלָּה). 2. pour out, הֶע׳ לַמָּוֶת נַפְשׁוֹ Is 53:12 (fig. for slay, cf. Pi. 3). Niph. pass. of Hiph. 2: 3 ms. יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ Is 32:15 (fig.) until there be poured upon us a spirit from on high. Hithp. 1. Impf. 2 fs. תִּתְעָרִ֑י La 4:21 thou shalt make thyself naked (of Edom under fig. of drunken woman). 2. Pt. מִתְעָרֶה ψ 37:35 usually pouring himself, i.e. spreading himself out like a tree (Bae doubts; Du מִתְעַלֶּה lifting himself up, cf. G).

†[עָרָה S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^{, ,} ] n.f. bare place;—pl. עָרוֹת Is 19:7 (si vera interpr.; > G ἄχ(ε)ι, Ki Saad reeds).

עֶרְוָה S TWOT GK₅₄ n.f. nakedness, pudenda;—abs. ע׳ Ex 28:42 Lv 18:6; usually cstr. עֶרְוַת Gn 9:22 +, sf. עֶרְוָתְֽךָ Ex 20:23 (Ginsb), Lv 18:10; עֶרְוָתֵךְ Is 47:3 +; -תוֹ Lv 20:17, -תָהּ 18:7 +; sf. 3 fpl. עֶרְוָתָן v 9, 10;— 1. pudenda, of man, רָאָה ע׳ implying shameful exposure Gn 9:22, 23 (J); mostly of woman: fig. of Jerus. (c. רָאָה) La 1:8 Ez 16:37; usually c. גלה: lit. תִּגָּלֶה ע׳ i.e. be exposed to view Ex 20:23 (Ginsb; van d. H. v 26; E), so, as shameful punishment, fig. of Egypt Is 20:4 (gloss according to Du Che Di-Kit), Bab. 47:3, of Jerus. Ez 16:37; 23:10, 29 (עֶרְוַת זְנוּנַיִךְ; all three obj. of act. vb.); chiefly euphem. for cohabit., גִּלָּה ע׳ Lv 18:6 + (v. גלה Pi. 1 a); fig. of Jerus. (vb. pass.) Ez 16:36; רָאָה ע׳ in same meaning Lv 20:17⁽⁾ (H; of both sexes); ע׳ also 18:8, 10, 16 (H); כִּסָּה ע׳ cover nakedness Gn 9:23 (J), Ex 28:42 (P; בְּשַׂר ע׳), Ho 2:11 (fig. of Isr.), Ez 16:8 (of Jerus.); reviling words are לְבֹשֶׁת ע׳ אִמֶּ֑ךָ 1 S 20:30 (cf. Doughty ^{i. 269}). 2. עֶרְוַת דָּבָר nakedness of a thing, i.e. prob. indecency, improper behaviour Dt 23:15; 24:1 (v. Dr). 3. fig. ע׳ הָאָרֶץ Gn 42:9, 12 (E), i.e. its exposed, undefended parts (Arabic عَوْرَةٌ (˓awratun)).

†עֶרְרָה₆ n.f. nakedness;—always abs. ע׳;—ע׳־בֹּשֶׁת Mi 1:11 (in) nakedness, (in) shame (fig. of town Shaphir); of Jerus. עֵרֹם וְע׳ Ez 16:7 + 3 times (v. עֵירֹם sub II. עור); of bow Hb 3:9 (v. II. עור).

†[מַעֲרֶה S TWOT GK], מַ֫עַר S^, TWOT GK n.[m.] bare, naked place (hence Μαραθών, Marathon, according to Lewy ¹⁴⁴);— 1. bare place, or space: cstr. מִמַּעֲרֵה־גָ֑בַע Ju 20:33 bare (open) space of Geba˓ (si vera l.; but v. ii. מַעֲרָב); כְּמַעַר־אִישׁ 1 K 7:36 according to the clear space on each (plate, v. לוּחַ). 2. sf. מַעְרֵךְ Na 3:5 fig. of Nineveh (pudenda exposed in shameful punishment; cf. עֶרְוָה).

†מַעֲרָת S GK n.pr.loc. in Judah Jos 15:59, Μαγαρωθ, A GL Μα(α)ρωθ.

†תַּ֫עַר S TWOT GK n.m. ψ 52:4 and (Is 7:20) f. razor, sheath;— 1. a. razro, abs. יְגַלַּח בְּת׳ Is 7:20 (fig.); subj. of לֹא יַעֲבֹר עְל־רֹאשׁ Nu 6:5, obj. of הֶעֱבִיר עַל־ 8:7 (P), cf. cstr. ת׳ הַגַּלָּבִים Ez 5:1; abs. כְּת׳ מְלֻטָּשׁ ψ 52:4 (sim. of tongue). b. cstr. ת׳ הַסֹּפֵר Je 36:23 = penknife. 2. sheath, always sf. of sword: בְּתַעְרָהּ 2 S 20:8; of drawing sword, שָׁלַף מִתּ׳ 1 S 17:51, הוֹצַיא מִתּ׳ Ez 21:8, 10, תֵּצֵא מִתּ׳ v 9; of sheathing, הֵאָֽסְפִי אֶל־תַּעְרֵךְ Je 47:6; הָשַׁבאֶל־תַּעְרָהּ Ez 21:35.

†עָרוֹד S TWOT GK n.[m.] wild ass (prob. Aramaic loan-word ( = Heb. פֶּרֶא), T עֲרָדָא, עֲרוֹדָא; Syriac ܥܪܳܕܳܐ (˓rodo); Mand. אראדא, cf. Hom ¹³³) perhaps √ عرّد (˓rrd) [run away?], < √ غرد (ğrd) schreien [DHM zu Asma˓ï, Farq p. 43] das auch vom Wildesel vorkommt Amra alqais 4. 21, Zuhair 1. 25.—Nö ^{Funf. Mo’all. ii. 75 ( Wiener Akkadian cxlii)}. Jb 39:5.

†עָרַךְ S TWOT GK vb. arrange or set in order (NH id.; also roll dough, T עֲרַךְ id.; Ph. ערכת CIS ^{132, 4} valuation, Bloch, but dub.; Arabic عَرَكَ (˓araka) iii. contend in battle, مَعْرَكٌ, مَعْرَكَةٌ (ma˓rakun, ma˓rakatun), battle-ground);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Jb 32:14 2 Ch 13:3, וְע׳ consec. Lv 1:12; 6:5; עָרַכְתִּי Nu 23:4 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲרֹךְ Ex 27:21 +, etc.; Imv. עֶרְכָה Jb 33:5, עִרְכוּ Je 46:3; 50:14 (Ges ⁴⁸¹); Inf. abs. עָרֹךְ Is 21:5; cstr. עֲרךְ Ju 20:22 +; Pt. act. pl. עֹרְכִים Is 65:11, etc.; pass. עָרוּךְ Je 6:23 +, cstr. עֱרוּךְ Jo 2:5 (Ges ^{22. 4.2}); not in D; 1. a. arrange in order, seven altars Nu 23:4, i.e. I have built seven altars in a row (cf. בנה v 1), flax-stalks Jos 2:6 (both JE); especially b. set or lay in order, as wood Gn 22:9 (E), 1 K 18:33, cf. Tophet Is 30:33, Lv 1:7; offerings Lv 1:8, 12; 6:5; lamps(s) Ex 27:21 Lv 24:3, 4 (all P), lamp (fig. of dynasty) ψ 132:17; ‘shew’-bread Ex 40:4, 23 (upon [עַל] sacred שֻׁלְחָן; both c. acc. cogn.), Lv 24:8 (P). c. in common life (cf. RS ^{i. 183 f., 2nd ed. 200 f.}), arrange a table (i.e. dishes in order upon it), שֻׁלְחָן Is 21:5 Pr 9:2 (fig. of wisdom), Ez 23:41 (of Jerus. in fig.); ψ 23:5; 78:19 (fig.; subj. God); in idolatr. worship Is 65:11. d. arrange a battle, i.e. draw up in battle order, ע׳ מִלְחָמָה Ju 20:22 1 S 17:8 2 S 10:8 = 1 Ch 19:9, 1 Ch 12:37 (van d. H. v 36), 2 Ch 14:9, עֹרְכֵי מִלְחָמָה 1 Ch 12:34, 36 (van d. H. v 33, 35); עֱרוּךְ מ׳ Jo 2:5; + אֵת with, i.e. against Ju 20:20 Gn 14:8, עִם 2 Ch 13:3; + לִקְרַאת 1 S 17:2 1 Ch 19:17b; ע׳ מַעֲרָכָה לִקְרַאת 1 S 17:21; עָרוּךְ כְּאִישׁ לַמִּלְחָמָה Je 6:23; 50:42; obj. om. Ju 20:22, 33, + לִקְרַאת 1 S 4:2 2 S 10:9, 10 = 1 Ch 19:10, 11, 2 S 10:17; + אֶל against Ju 20:30 1 Ch 19:17, + על Je 50:14, לְ agianst Je 50:9;—Jb 6:4 read יַעַכְרוּנִי Di Bu Du e. arrange weapons of army in order for battle Je 46:3, 1 Ch 12:9 (van d. H. v 8). f. arrange words (מִלִּין) Jb 32:14 ( + אֶל agianst), so (obj. om.) 33:5 ( + לְפָנַי), 37:19 ψ 5:4 (prob.; > of arranging a sacrifice); cf. recount things in order, יַעְרְכֶהָ לִי Is 44:7. g. state in order, set forth a legal case Jb 13:18; 23:4, so prob. (obj. om.) of God ψ 50:21 ( + לְעֵינֶיךָ), and (pass. of בְּרִית) 2 S 23:5 (cf. Dr).—הֲיַעֲרֹךְ שׁועך Jb 36:19 is difficult: Di will he set they cry (שַׁוְעֲךָ) in order? Bi (for לֹא) הֲיֵעָרֵךְ שׁ׳ לוֹ shall they cry be set in order unto him? (sense good, although Niph. not found); v. al. in Di 2. a. compare (as result of arranging in order): מַה־דֶּמוּת תַּע׳־לוֹ Is 40:18 what likeness will ye compare to him? אֵין עֲרֹךְ אֵלֶיךָ ψ 40:6. b. intrans. be comparable, c. לְ, ψ 89:7 (|| דָּמָה), c. sf. of thing compated Jb 28:17, 19.

עֵ֫רֶךְ S TWOT GK₃₃ n.m. Lv 27, 25 order, row, estimate;—cstr. ע׳ Ju 17:10 Ex 40:23; sf. עֶרְכִּי ψ 55:14, עֶרְכְּךָ Lv 5:15 +, etc.;— 1. order, row, ע׳ בְּגָדִים Ju 17:10 a (complete) suit of clothes (laid out in order), G στολὴν ἱματίων; ע׳ לֶחֶם Ex 40:23 i.e. loaves arranged in a row, so ע׳ alone v 4 (P); עֶרְכּוֹ Jb 41:4 his symmetry (v. חִין sub חנן). 2. estimate, valuation, made by ordering, classifying: אִישׁ כְּעֶרְכּוֹ 2 K 23:35; in 12:5 read עֵרֶךְ (for MT עוֹבֵר) money of a man’s valuation G Benz Kit, and prob. del. כֶּסֶף נַפְשׁוֹת עֶרְכּוֹ (? כ׳ עֶרֶךְ נ׳ Kit) as gloss (Sta ^{v (1885), 288 f.}); כְּעֶרְכִּי ψ 55:14 a man according to my valuation, fig. for my equal; elsewhere P, of priest’s valuation of trespass-offering Lv 5:15, 18, 25, vows, and redemption-money 27:2, 3⁽⁾, 4 + 17 times 27 (כֶּסֶף עֶרְכְּךָ v 15, 19, מִכְסַת הָעֶרְכְּךָ v 3 [del. הָ], cf. v 23b [del. id.]), Nu 18:16.—Jb 28:13 read דַּרְכָּהּ G Di al.

†[עָרַךְ S TWOT GK] vb.denom. Hiph. value (for taxation), tax (from עֵרֶךְ 2);—Pf. 3 ms. הֶעֱרִיךְ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ 2 K 23:35; in P, וְהֶע׳ consec., c. acc. pers. Lv 27:8, 12 c. sf. v 14; Impf. יַעֲרִיךְ v 14; sf. יַעֲרִכֶנּוּ v 8.

†[מַעֲרָךְ S TWOT GK] n.[m.] arrangement;—pl. cstr. מַעַרְכֵי־לֵב Pr 16:1 to man belong arrangements (plans) of the mind (cf. לֵב 3).

†מַעֲרָכָה S^, TWOT^, GK n.f. row, rank, battle-line;— 1. a. מ׳ battle-line 1 S 4:2, 12, 16⁽⁾; וַיָּ֫רָץ הַמּ׳ 17:22 and he ran to the battle-line, so v 28 (on ref. here to Isr.’s line cf. HPS), מ׳ לִקְרַאת מ׳ v 21; עֹדְרֵי מ׳ 1 Ch 12:39 (van d. H. v 38); nearly = battle הַחַיִל הַיֹּצֵא אֶל־הַמּ׳ 1 S 17:20. b. pl. ranks = army; cstr. מַעַרְכוֹת יִשׂ׳ 1 S 17:10, 45, מַעַרְכֹת יִשׂ׳ v 8; מ׳ אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים v 26, 36; מ׳ פְּלִשְׁתִּים 23:3 and 17:23 Qr, so G (v. om. B) B T; sg. GL S (> Kt מערות). 2. נֵרוֹת הַמַּעֲרָכָה Ex 39:37 lamps of the row, i.e. arranged in a row. Ju 6:26. 3. order, arrangment: בַּמּ׳ Ju 6:26 in the (proper or usual) arrangement of an altar, cf. עָרַךְ 1 a Nu 23:4 of altar.

†מַעֲרֶ֫כֶת S TWOT GK n.f. row, line;—only of the rows of ‘shew’-bread; abs. מ׳ Lv 24:7, מַעֲרָ֑כֶת v 6 (P); elsewhere Chr: לֶחֶם הַמּ׳ 1 Ch 9:32; 23:29 Ne 10:34, שֻׁלְחַן הַמּ׳ 2 Ch 29:18, cf. 1 Ch 28:16; cstr. מַעֲרֶכֶת לֶחֶם 2 Ch 13:11 the row of bread, so מ׳ תָּמִיד 2:3 the row of continuity, bread continually present in rows; pl. abs. שׁתַּיִם מַעֲרָכוֹת Lv 24:6.

ערל (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Arabic غُرْلَةٌ (ğurlatun) foreskin; Aramaic עוּרְלְתָא, ܥܽܘܪܠܽܘܬܳܐ (˓urluto); NH = BH; also Egyptian karnaƟȧ Brugsch ^{1876, 128} Krall ^{der Wiener Akkadian, hist.-phil. Cl. cxvi (1888), 659 f.}).

עָרְלָה S TWOT GK^, ₁₆ n.f. foreskin;—ע׳ Gn 34:14 Je 9:24; cstr. עָרְלַת Ex 4:25 Dt 10:16, etc.; pl. הָעֲרָלוֹת (not (עֳ׳) Jos 5:3 (Kö ^{1, 158}); cstr. עָרְלוֹת Je 4:4 + 2 times; עָרְלֹתֵיהֶם 1 S 18:27;—foreskin 1 S 18:25, 27 2 S 3:14, cf. גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלוֹת Jos 5:3 hill of the foreskins, near Gilgal; of circumcision, כרת ע׳ Ex 4:25 (J), בְּשַׂר ע׳ Gn 17:11 + 5 times P (v. II. מוּל), אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לוֹ ע׳ Gn 34:14 (P), i.e. one uncircumcised; cf. Je 9:24; fig. of fruit trees, עָרְלָתוֹ Lv 19:23 (P; v. [עָרַל]); fig. of heart, ע׳ לבב Dt 10:16 Je 4:4.

†[עָרַל S TWOT GK] vb. denom. count as foreskin, i.e. as uncircumcised;—Qal Pf. 2 mpl., c. acc. cogn. וַעֲרַלְתֶּם עָרְלָתוֹ Lv 19:23 ye shall regard its fruit as uncircumcised, and not eat it (for three years) (> SS remove its foreskin (its fruit), as B, cf. G περικαθαριεῖτε τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν αὐτοῦ). Niph. Imv. הֵעָרֵל Hb 2:16 be counted uncircumcised, i.e. be object of mockery; but dub., read probably הֵרָעֵל reel (G S We Now Buhl^Lex).

†עָרֵל S TWOT GK₃₅ adj. having foreskin, i.e. uncircumcised;—ע׳ Ex 12:48 + 5 times; cstr. עֶ֫רֶל Ez 44:9⁽⁾; עֲרַל Ex 6:12, 30; f. עֲרֵלָה Je 6:10; pl. עֲרֵלִים Lv 19:23 + 20 times; cstr. עַרְלֵי Je 9:25 + 2 times;—uncircumcised person Ex 12:48 Jos 5:7 (P), Philistines Ju 14:3; 15:18 1 S 14:6; 17:26, 36; 31:4 2 S 1:20 1 Ch 10:4; of other nations Is 52:1 Je 9:25, especially as slain Ez 28:10; 31:18; 32:19 + 9 times 32; in v 27 read מֵעוֹלָם so Hi and most (v. on meaning Toy 31:18); עָרֵל זָכֶר uncircumcised male Gn 17:14 (P); ע׳ בָּשָׂר Ez 4:7, 9 uncircumcised of flesh; fig. of fruit trees Lv 19:23 (cf. [עָרַל] supr.); ע׳ שְׂפָתַיִם fig. of incapacity to speak Ex 6:12, 30; of character, ע׳ לב Je 9:25 Ez 44:7, 9, cf. לִבָבָם הֶעָרֵל Lv 26:41 (H), עֲרֵלָה אָזְנָם Je 6:10 their ear is uncircumcised (unreceptive).

עֵרֹם, עָרֹם S TWOT GK, עָרוֹם S TWOT GK v. II. עור.

†I. [עָרַם S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. Niph. be heaped up (cf. Sab. אערמהו, pl. of [ערם] dam, so Arabic عَرِمٌ (˓arimun), cf. DHM ^{xxx (1876), 676; i. 25} who cp. BH עֲרֵמָה, Arabic عَرَمَةٌ (˓aramatun) (which Frä ¹³⁵ thinks Aramaic loan-word), cf. ܥܪܰܡ (˓ram) Pa. heap up; > Wetzst ^{1873, 279 (Syriac Dreschtafel)} who cp. عَرَمَ (˓arama) strip [whence עַרְמוֹן infr.], and thinks עֲרֵמָה = bare heap);—Pf. 3 pl. נֶעֶרְמוּ מַיִם Ex 15:8.

†עֲרֵמָה S TWOT GK n.f. heap;—abs. ע׳ Ru 3:7; cstr. עֲרֵמַת Hg 2:16 Ct 7:3; pl. עֲרֵמוֹת abs. Ne 13:15 +, cstr. 3:34; abs. עֲרֵמִים Je 50:26;—heap of rubbish (עָפָר) Ne 3:34; ע׳ = ruin-heap Je 50:26; = grain-heap (of threshed grian, عَرَمَةٌ (˓aramatun) unthreshed, according to Wetzst), Hg 2:16 Ne 13:15 Ru 3:7; ע׳ חִטִּים Ct 7:3; of grain and fruit 2 Ch 31:6⁽⁾, 7, 8, 9.

II. ערם TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَرَمَ (˓arama) strip flesh from bone (to eatit), strip leaves from trees (said of camles); عُرَامٌ (˓urāmun) bark of tree (stripped off)).

†עַרְמוֹן S TWOT GK n.[m.] plane-tree (as stripped of bark);—ע׳ Gn 30:37 (J); pl. עַדְמֹנִים Ez 31:8.

מַעֲרֻמֵּיהֶם 2 Ch 28:15 v. sub II. עור.

†[עָרֹם S TWOT GK Lag ³¹] vb. be shrewd, crafty (NH id., Hiph.; Arabic عَرَمَ, عَرِمَ, عَرُمَ (˓arama, ˓arima, ˓aruma), be ill-natured, cross; T adj. עָרִים shrewd, Syriac ܥܪܝܡ (˓rym) id., and vb. in der. spec. (Pe. in Lexx.))—Qal Inf. abs. in עָרֹם יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22 he is exceedingly crafty. Hiph. Impf. be crafty, 3 ms. יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22; be or become shrewd יַעֲרִם Pr 15:5; 19:25; all these Qal Impf.in—ִ according to Ba ^{xlili (1889), 180} so Ges ^{63 n} Buhl^Lex, but perhaps read יֶעְרַם as Qal; true Hiph. in 3 mpl. יַעֲרִימוּ סוֹד ψ 83:4 they make crafty (their) counsel against thy people.

†[עֹ֫רֶם S TWOT GK] n.[m.] craftines;—sf. בְּעָרְמָם Jb 5:13 (possibly from עָרְמָה Ges ^{91 e} al.).

†עָרְמָה S TWOT GK n.f. craftiness, prudence;— 1. בְע׳ craftily Ex 21:4 (E), Jos 9:4 (JE). 2. ע׳ in Pr, in good sense, prudence Pr 1:4; 8:5, 12.

†עָרוּם S TWOT GK adj. crafty, shrewd, sensible;— 1. crafty, ע׳ as pred., of serpent Gn 3:1; pl. as subst. מַחְשְׁבוֹת עֲרוּמִים Jb 5:12, לְשׁוֹן ע׳ 15:5. 2. in Pr, in good sense (opp. אֱוִיל, כְּסִיל, פֶּתִי); as attrib. אָדָם עָרוּם Pr 12:23 a shrewd or sensible man; ע׳ as subst. = id., v 16; 13:16, so חָכְמַת ע׳ 14:8; = prudent man 14:15; 22:3; 27:12; pl. עֲרוּמִים 14:18.

עֵרָן S GK, עֵרָנִי S GK v. sub I. עור.

ערס TWOT (√ of foll.).

†[עֲרִיסָה S TWOT GK] n.f. meaning dub., usually coarse meal; G AV RV dough, so Toy (with?) (NH עַרְסָן barley-meal; Syriac ܐܰܪܣܳܢܳܐ (˒arsono) (in Lexx) hulled barley, or (cf. Lag ^{1889, 301 f.}) wheat); > Sm Ez Co Ez keading-trough (so NH עֲרִיסָה Jastr; appar. secondary, עֲרִיסָה also [bed], cradle, v. ערשׂ);—only רֵאשִׁית עֲרִיסֹתֵיכֶם Ez 44:30, ר׳ עֲרִיסֹתֵינוּ Ne 10:38; ר׳ עֲרִסֹתֵיכֶם Nu 15:20, 21 (P).

עַרְעָר S TWOT GK, עַרְעֹר, עֲרֹעֵר, עֲרוֹעֵר S^, TWOT^, GK^, v. II. ערר.

I. ערף (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; NH עוֹרֶף = BH; Arabic عُرْفٌ (˓urfun) mane of horse, also part of neck where hair grows, etc.)

†עֹ֫רֶף S TWOT GK n.m. Dt 31:27 back of neck, neck;—ע׳ abs. Jos 7:12 +; cstr. Gn 49:8 +; sf. עָרְפִּי Jb 16:12, עָרְפְּךָ Dt 31:27, etc.;— 1. back of neck of fleeing foe יָֽדְךָ בְּע׳ אֹיְבֶיךָ Gn 49:8 (poem in J), cf. וְאָחַז בְּעָרְפִּי Jb 16:12 (fig.); Ex 23:27 (E), ψ 18:41 = 2 S 22:41; turn (הֶפַךְ, פָּנָה) one’s back before (לִפְנֵי) a foe Jos 7:8, 12 (JE), abs. Je 48:39; fig. of apostasy פָּנָה ע׳אֶל Je 2:27; 32:33 (opp. פָּנָה פָנִים) abs. וַיִּתְּנוּ ע׳ 2 Ch 29:6; of י׳’s disfavour ע׳ וְלֹא פָנִים אֶרְאֵם Je 18:17 with the back and not the face will I look at them. 2. fig. in קְשֵׁה־ע׳ stiff of neck, i.e. obstinate, of Isr. Ex 32:8; 33:3, 5; 34:9 (all JE), Dt 9:6, 13; עָרְפְּךָ הַקָּשֶׁה Dt 31:27; with vb. הִקְשָׁה ע׳ i.e. be obstinate, intractable 10:16 Je 7:26; 17:23; 19:15 2 K 17:14⁽⁾ Ne 9:16, 17, 29 2 Ch 30:8; cf. גִּיד בַּרְזֶל ע׳ Is 48:4 (|| קָשֶׁה אָ֑תָּת); הִקְשָׁה ע׳ of individual 2 Ch 36:13 Pr 29:1. 3. of bird: nip its head מִמּוּל עָרְפּוֹ Lv 5:8 (P).

†[עָרַף S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. denom. break the neck of an animal;—Qal Pf. 2 ms. sf. וַעֲרַפְתּוֹ consec. Ex 13:13; 34:20 (JE), 3 pl. וְעָֽרְפוּ־שָׁם אֶת־הָעֶגְלָה consec. Dt 21:4; Pt. act. עוֹרֵף כֶּלֶב Is 66:3; pass. הָעֲרוּפָה הָעֶגְלָה Dt 21:6; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲרֹף Ho 10:2 fig. of breaking down altars.

†עָרְפָּה S GK n.pr.f. sister-in-law of Ruth, Ru 1:4, 14, Ορφα.

†II. [עָרַף S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. drip, drop (cf. Arabic غَرَفَ (ğarafa) lade out water with the hand (as with ladle) cf. Ph. ערפת portico (whence rain drips) v. Hoffm^{Abh. d. GGW xxxvi. May, 1889, 12 f.}; cf. also غُرْفَةٌ (ğurfatun) upper-room; מערף ענן Ecclus 43:22 the dropping of a cloud, Assyrian irpu, irpitu, cloud(s));—Qal Impf. 3 mpl. שָׁמָיק יַעַרְפוּ־טָ֑ל Dt 33:28 his heavens drop dew; fig., of speech, intrans. יַעֲרֹף כַּמָּטָר לִקְחִי 32:2 let my teaching drop like the rain (|| תִּזַּל כַּטַּל אִמְרָתִי).—Cf. רָעַף.

†[עָרִיף S TWOT GK] n.[m.] cloud;—pl. sf. בַּעֲרִיפֶיהָ Is 5:30 (Perles ^{1899, 689} proposes בְּעַד יָפְיָהּ, referring sf. to ארץ, and cp. ψ 139:11).

†עֲרָפֶל S TWOT GK n.m. cloud, heavy cloud (perhaps from above √ + ל afform; NH = BH; Syriac ܥܰܪܦܶܠܴܐ (˓arpelo); T עֲרָפֵילָא; Mand. ארפילא Nö ^{126, 128}; on vocaliz. v. Ba ¹⁶⁰ and against him Schwally ^{x (1890), 178} who proposes עַרְפֶּל);—ע׳ in which God dwells Ex 20:18 (Gi; van d. H. v 21), 1 K 8:12 = 2 Ch 6:1; + עָנָן Dt 4:11 (also חֹשֶׁךְ), 5:19 ψ 97:2; Jb 22:13 v בַּעַד; ע׳ תַּחַת רַגְְלָיו 2 S 22:10 = ψ 18:10; as swaddling-bands of sea Jb 38:9; fig. of misery Is 60:2 (|| חֹשֶׁךְ); of י׳’s judgment Je 13:16 (|| צַלְמָוֶת), as a past day יוֹם עָנָן וַע׳ Ez 34:12 = (of future day of י׳) Zp 1:15 (|| יוֹם חשֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָה) = Jo 2:2 (|| id.).

†[עָרַץ S TWOT GK^, ] vb. cause to tremble, tremble (in terror, or awe) (cf. Arabic عَرِصَ (˓ariṣa) quiver, flicker; Syriac ܥܪܰܨ (˓raṣ) come upon suddenly or violently, PS s.v. passim; cf. Egyptian ˓-ra-d̲au(t̥), they terrified ( = ערצו) WMM ⁷⁶);—Qal Impf. 2 ms. תַּעֲרֹץ Dt 7:21 +; 2 fs. תַּעֲר֑וֹצִי Is 47:12; 1 s. אֶעֱרוֹץ Jb 31:34, etc.; Inf. cstr. עֲרֹץ Is 2:19 +; 1. cause to tremble (i.e. strike with awe) c. acc. הָאָרֶץ Is 2:19, 21 (subj. י׳; ins. prob. also v 10); הֶעָלֶה נִדָּף תַּע׳ Jb 13:25 will thou strike with awe the driven leaf? abs. cause trembling = inspire awe Is 47:12 (of Bab.), ψ 10:18. 2. intrans. tremble (D), Dt 1:29 Jos 1:9; w. מפני Dt 7:21; 20:3; 31:6; c. acc. Jb 31:34 because I stood in awe of the great multitude. Niph. Pt. אֵל נַעֲרָץ ψ 89:8 El, terrible in the company of the holy ones (|| נוֹרָא). Hiph.. 1. regard, or treat, with awe, as awful: 2 mpl. וְלֹא תַעֲרִ֑יצוּ Is 8:12 (acc. מוֹרָאוֹ); 3 mpl. יַעֲרִ֑יצוּ 29:23 acc. אֶת־אֱלֹהֵי יִשׂ׳. 2. inspire with awe (cf. Qal 2);—Pt. sf. הוּא מַעֲרִיצְכֶם Is 8:13 he shall be your awe-inspirer.

†[עָרוּץ S TWOT GK] adj. dreadful (proposes Pt. pass.) cstr. בַּעֲרוּץ נְחָלִים Jb 30:6 in the (most) dreadful of ravines.

†עָרִיץ S TWOT GK adj. awe-inspiring, terror-striking;—ע׳ of י׳, כְּגִבּוֹר עָרִיץ Je 20:11; pl. as subst. עָרִיצִים, in bad sense of formidable adversaries, personal, Je 15:21 (|| רָעִים), Jb 6:23 (|| צָר), and national, ψ 54:5 (|| זָרִים), = עֲדַת ע׳ 86:14 (|| זֵדִים), הֲמוֹן ע׳ Is 29:5 (|| זָרָ֑יִךְ); especially of Chaldeans Is 13:11, cstr. עָרִיצֵי גוֹיִם most terrifying of the nations Ez 28:7 (|| זָרִים) 30:11; 31:12 (|| זָרִים), 32:12; so (prob.) sg. עָרִיץ Is 49:25 (read ע׳ also for צַדִּיק v 24, so Lo Ew Che Gr al.); without specif. ref. גּוֹרִם עָרִיצִים Is 25:3 awe-inspiring nations (Du Che take ע׳ as subst.), רוּחַ ע׳ v 4 (del. as gloss Di al.), זְמִיר ע׳ v 5 (del. verse as gloss Du Che); late, of wicked in gen., as ruthless רָאִיתִי רָשָׁע ע׳ ψ 37:35 I have seen a wicked man ruthless; as subst., Is 29:20 (|| לֵץ), Jb 15:20 (|| רשׁע), pl. 27:13 (|| id.), Pr 11:16; read also עָרִיץִ(ים) Is 11:4 (for MT אֶרֶץ), so Che Br Du Gr al. (|| רָשָׁע).

†מַעֲרָצָה S TWOT GK n.f. awful shock, crash;—Is 10:33, of י׳’s lopping off (tree-)crown (fig.).

†[עָרַק S TWOT GK] vb. gnaw (Arabic عَرَقَ (˓araqa) id.; Syriac ܥܪܩ (˓rq), Pa.); = Syriac in Lexx., and Pa.; but Syriac usually flee, as T.—Qal Pt. pl. הַעֹרְקִים צִיָּה Jb 30:3 they who gnaw the dry (ground; fig. of scanty subsistence); sf. עֹרְקַי v 17 my gnawing (pains) do not sleep.

†עַרְקִי S GK adj.gent. Arḳite, inhabitant of city ˓Arḳa (Assyrian Arḳa COT Dl ²⁸², TelAm. Irḳat(a), Egyptian Arḳantu, cf. Assyrian n.gent. Irḳanatai COT, Ency. Bib. ^{i. 310});—only הָע׳ as n.coll. Gn 10:17, τὸν Ἀρουκαῖον, = 1 Ch 1:15, A id., GL τὸν Αρακει: mod. ˓Arḳa, near Mediterranean, c. 60 miles N. of Beirut (cf. Ency. Bib.).

I. ערר TWOT (√ of foll.; on this [and not עור] v. Nö ^{xxxii (1878), 404} Lag^{Symm. ii. 91 f.}; cf. Palm. מערתא sepulchre).

מְעָרָה S^, TWOT GK^, ₄₀ n.f. cave;—abs. מ׳ Gn 19:30 +; cstr. מְעָרַת 23:19 +; pl. מְעָרוֹת Ju 6:2 +, cstr. id. Is 2:19;—cave, especially as place of sojourn or refuge Gn 19:30 (J), 1 S 24:3⁽⁾, 7, 8, 10 (Ginsb v 4, 8, 9, 11 van d. H. Baer), 1 K 19:1, 13, Ez 33:27 Jos 10:16 (מ׳ בַמַּקֵּדָה) + 7 times Jos 10, Ju 6:2 1 S 13:6 1 K 18:4, 13, cf. ψ 57:1; 142:1; מְעָרוֹת צֻרִים Is 2:19, hence מ׳ פָּרִצִים Je 7:11 robbers’ cave; Is 32:14 den (of wild beasts);—מ׳ עֲדֻלָּם 1 S 22:1 2 S 23:13, whence in || 1 Ch 11:15, read prob. מְצֻדַת ע׳ or מְצָדַת We, cf. Dr, Bu Kit HPS;—as burial place, מ׳ הַמַּכְפֵּלָה Gn 23:9 + (v. מַכְפֵּלָה) = מ׳ alone 23:11, 17, 20; 49:29, 32 (all P). מ׳ אֲשֶׁר לַצִּידֹנִים Jos 13:4 (D), cave-region in Lebanon E. of Sidon, mod. Mughâr Ǧezzîn, according to most, but dub.; perhaps, rather, near Tyre Buhl ^{1895, 55}.

†II. [עָרַר S TWOT GK] vb. strip oneslf (|| form of ערה, II. עור);—Qal Imv. עֹ֫רָה Is 32:11 (|| פְּשֹׁ֫טָה; according to Ges ^{110 k} Hi De al. ms. with fpl. subj.; according to Ew ^{226 a} Du Di al. fpl., shortened from ערנה etc.). Pō˓. Pf. 3 pl. עוֹרְרוּ אַרְמְנוֹתֶיהָ Is 23:13 they have laid bare (the foundations of) her palaces, i.e. destroyed them; so Pilp. Inf. abs. + Hithpalp. Impf. 3 fs. עַרְעֵר תִּתְעַרְעַר Je 51:58 be laid utterly bare, cf. ערה Pi. 1.

†עֲרִירִי S TWOT GK adj. stripped, specif. childless;—ע׳ Gn 15:2 (JE), Je 22:30; pl. עֲרִירִים Lv 20:20, 21 (H).

†עַרְעָר S TWOT GK adj. striped, destitute;—הָע׳ as subst. ψ 102:18 the prayer of the destitute.—Je 17:6 v. עֲרוֹעֵר.

†i. עֲרוֹעֵר S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.[m.] prob. a tree or bush; juniper? (Arabic عَرْعَرٌ (˓ar˓arun) juniper (or cypress? v. Lane), so Tristr ³⁵⁸ Rob ^{ii. 124}; on format. v. Lag ¹⁶² Ba ¹⁶⁰);—עֲרוֹעֵר בַּמִּדְבָּר Je 48:6, + 17:6, where read prob. עֲרֹעֵר בָּעֲרָבָה (for MT עַרְעָר; > Gf al. conversely, read עַרְעָר 48:6).

†ii. עֲרֹעֵר₁₀, עֲרוֹעֵר S^, TWOT^, GK^, ₅, עַרְעֹר₁ n.pr.loc. Αροηρ, MI²⁶ ערער;— 1. city on N. bank of Arnon, S. limit of E. Jordan Isr., עֲרֹעֵר Nu 32:34 (JE), Dt 2:36; 3:12; 4:48 Jos 12:2 (D) 2 K 10:33 1 Ch 5:8; עֲרוֹעֵר Jos 13:9 (D), v 16 (P), 2 S 24:5; Moabitish Je 48:19 (cf. MI²⁶); once עַרְעֹר Ju 11:26; mod. ˓Ar˓âir Buhl ²⁶⁹, Tristr^{Moab 129 ff.} 2. city near Rabbah in Ammon, עֲרֹעֵר Ju 11:33, עֲרוֹ׳ Jos 13:25 (P), site unknown. 3. city in S. Judah, עֲרֹעֵר 1 S 30:28 (G Αροηρ + Αμμαδει, latter orig. according to We, indicating form ערערה; GL Ραγουηλ); + Jos 15:22 reading ע׳ (or עַרְעָרָה) for MT עַדְעָדָה, G Αρουηλ, We 1 S 30, 28 (cf. Dr HPS), Di^{ad loc.} Benn Steuern; poss. ˓Ar˓âra c. 9 miles S. of E. from Beersheba, but cf. Buhl ¹⁸³.—Is 17:2 read עָרֶיהָ עֲדֵי עַד G Lo Lag^{Sem. i. 30} Che Buhl^Lex al. (for MT עָרֵי עֲרֹעֵר).—Vid. also Che ³¹⁷.

†עֲרֹעֵרִי S GK adj.gent. of foreg.; הָע׳ 1 Ch 11:44.

ערשׂ TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَرْشٌ (˓aršun) booth, shed, throne, عَرِيشٌ (˓arīšun) grape-trellis, woman’s (camel-) saddle; Ethiopic ዐሪሥ (˓ariš) booth (? also ዐራት (˓arāt) bed); Assyrian iršu, bed, couch; NH עֲרִיסָה cradle, T עַרְסָא, Syriac ܥܰܪܣܳܐ (˓arso), Palm. ערשא; the common idea is appar. that of a wooden structure, frame, cf. Nö ^{xi (1886), 737}).

†עֶ֫רֶשׂ S TWOT GK n.f. Jb 7:13 couch, divan;—cstr. ע׳ Dt 3:11 +; abs. עָ֑רֶשׂ Am 3:12; sf. עַרְשִׂי Jb 7:13 +, etc.; pl. sf. עַרְשׁוֹתָם Am 6:4;—couch, divan, Am 3:12; 6:4 (|| מִטּוֹת), + 2 S 17:28 (read עַרְשׂת מִשְׁכָּב Klo Ne ¹⁸ HPS, cf. G); for lying at night Jb 7:13 ψ 6:7 (|| מִטָּה), Pr 7:16, עֶרֶשׂ יְצוּעָ֑י ψ 132:3 the couch of (consisting in) my bed; couch of sicknes ψ 41:4; marriage couch Ct 1:16; perhaps transf. to sarcophagus, as last couch עַרְשׂוֹ עֶרֶשׂ בַּרְזֶל Dt 3:11 (v. Dr).

ערשׁ (√ of foll., meaning unknow).

†יַעֲרֶשְׁיָה S GK n.pr.m. Benjamite 1 Ch 8:27, Ιασαραια, A Ιαρασια, GL Ιερσια.

עשׂב TWOT (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; cf. Assyrian ešêbu [bear fruit], ii. i, causat. (Dl ⁸⁷), išu, perhaps = H; Arabic عَشِبَ (˓ašiba) is be dry, but عُشْبٌ (˓ušbun) fresh, juicy herbage; NH = BH, cf. T עִסְבָּא, Syriac ܥܶܣܒܳܐ (˓esbo), Palm. עשביא).

†עֵ֫שֶׂב S TWOT GK n.m. Gn 1:11 herb, herbage;—ע׳ abs. Dt 11:15 +; cstr. Gn 2:5 +; sf. עֶשְׂבָּם Is 42:15; pl. cstr. עִשְּׂבוֹת (d.f. dirim.) Pr 27:25;—herb, herbage, in oldest use often gen. (therefore incl. grass [דֶּשֶׁא]): ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Ex 9:22 (E), Gn 2:5 ( + שִׂיחַ) Ex 9:25 ( + עֵץ), 10:15 ( + id.; all J) Am 7:2, so ע׳ הָאָרֶץ Ex 10:12 (E), + פְּרִי הָעֵץ v 15 (J), whence ψ 105:35; appar. gen. also in ע׳ הארץ Jb 5:25 ψ 72:16, ע׳ alone 92:8; ע׳ כָּל־הַשָּׂדֶה Je 12:14, ע׳ alone Dt 32:2 (|| דֶּשֶׁא), Is 42:15 ψ 102:5, 12, and Dt 29:22 Mi 5:6 Pr 19:12; hence ע׳ as food for cattle Dt 11:15 ψ 106:20 cf. Je 14:6 Zc 10:1; עִשְּׂבוֹת הָרִים Pr 27:25 (|| דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר); but as human food (hence excluding דֶּשֶׁא) ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Gn 3:18 (J); especially P Gn 1:29 ( + עֶץ), יֶרֶק ע׳ v 30; 9:3, hence ע׳ ψ 104:14 (|| חָצִיר for cattle); ע׳ disting. from דֶּשֶׁא, עֵץ also Gn 1:11, 12, ע׳ שָׂדֶה + דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר 2 K 19:26 + Is 37:27.

I. עָשָׂה S TWOT^, GK^{, 2622} vb. do, make (NH = BH; MI^23.26 עשתי, l^3.9 ואעש, l²⁴ Imv. עשו; OH n.pr. עשיו, אלעשה, מעשיהו; not Aramaic, and not certainly found in S. Sem. lang.; on Sab. v. especially DHM ^{Berl. Akkadian 1886, 849});—Qal₂₅₂₄ Pf. 3 ms. Gn 3:1 +, sf. עָשָׂהוּ Ho 8:6 +; 3 fs. עָֽשְׂתָה Dt 22:21 +, וְעָשָׂת consec. Lv 25:21; 2 ms. עָשִׂיתָ Gn 3:14 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲשֶׂה Gn 18:25 +, וַיַּעֲשֶׂה 1 K 16:25 + 3 times, וַיַּעַשׂ Is 5:2 +; יַעֲשֵׂה Is 64:3, 2 ms. תַּעֲשֶׂה 1 S 10:8, תַּעֲשֵׂה Gn 26:29 Jos 7:9, juss. (c. אַל) תַּעַשׂ Gn 2:12 +, תַּעֲשֵׂה 2 S 13:12 Je 40:16 Qr (Kt תַּעַשׂ); 1 s. אֶעֱשֶׂה Gn 2:18 +, וָאֶעֱשֶׂה Ez 20:14 Dn 8:27, וָאַעַשׂ Dt 10:3 + 4 times Ez; etc.; Imv. ms. עֲשֵׂה Ju 10:15 +; fs. עֲשִׂי Je 6:26 +, etc.; Inf. abs. עָשֹׂה 44:17 +; עָשׂוֹ 7:5 + 2 times (4:18 van d. H. עָשׂוּ); cstr. עֲשׂוֹת Gn 2:4 +, עֲשֹׂה 50:20 + 2 times, עֲשׂוֹ 31:28, sf. עֲשׂתוֹ 41:32 +, עֲשׂהוּ †Ex 18:18, etc.; Pt. act. עֹשֶׁה Is 5:5 +, sf. הָעשֹׁוֹ Jb 40:19 (but v. infr.); pl. עֹשִׁים Gn 24:49 +; sf. עֹשָׁ֑י Jb 35:10 (yet v. Ges ^{124 k}), etc.; pass. עָשׂוּי Ex 3:16 +, הֶעָשׂוּ Jb 41:25 (Ges ^{75 k}); f. עֲשׂוּיָה Ez 21:20 +, etc.;—I. 1. do (1560 + times): a. (1) c. acc. act. Gn 3:14 (J) 20:10 (E) + often; do right in eyes of י׳ 2 K 12:3; 14:13 +, evil 8:17, 27 + (cf. i. עַיִן 3 c); do God’s commands, statutes, etc., Dt 16:12; 30:8, Nu 15:39 (P); ע׳ חַיִל 1 S 14:48 + do might, i.e. mightily, valiantly; Pr 31:29 do efficiency, i.e. efficiently; = commit (offence) Lv 20:13 (H), Dt 20:18; sq. מִן part., וְעָשָׂה מֵאַחַת מֵהֵנָּה Lv 4:2 and shall do a single one of them (things prohibited; v. מִן 3 b (d)), cf. וְעָשׂוּ אַחַת מִכָּל־מִצְוֹת י׳ v 13.22; 5:17 (all P); do = perform a work, c. acc. cogn. מַעֲשֶׂה Ex 18:20; 23:12 (E), also (י׳ subj.) Dt 11:7 Dn 9:14 Ec 3:11; c. acc. מְלָאכָה Gn 2:2, 2 (J), Ex 20:9, 10 = Dt 9:13 (10 Words); c. acc. דְּרָכֶיךָ †Is 58:13; ע׳ מְלוּכָה עַל 1 K 21:7 = exercise sovereignty over; of י׳ performing sings (אֹתֹת) Jos 24:17 (E), Nu 14:11, 22 (JE), Dt 11:3, so Moses Ex 4:17 and (מֹפְתִים) v 21. (2) do something to one (ל pers.) Gn 20:9 (E), Ju 9:56 +; c. עַל reflex. Je 26:19 do evil against ourselves; especially י׳ subj., c. לְ, do good to Ex 18:9 (E), 1 K 8:66, or evil Gn 42:28 (E); in phr. so may God do to me, etc. 1 S 3:17 2 K 6:31 + (v. יסף Hiph. 1). (3) do something for one (ל pers.) Gn 30:31 1 K 11:8 +, dir. obj. om. 1 S 20:4; + ל rei Ju 21:7, 16 what shall we do for them, for wives? c. עַל pers. Ne 5:19; c. dat. eth. (ל) 1 S 10:7; c. לְ, of י׳ doing kindness for 1 S 22:3; executing vengeance for Ju 11:36 ( + מִן of enemy); י׳ doing a sign (אוֹת) for †Ju 6:17 (elsewhere נָתַן אוֹת לְ), cf. עֲשֵׂה־עִמִּי אוֹת לְטוֹבָה ψ 86:17. (4) dosometh. (in relation or intercourse) with (עִם, אֵת pers.), י׳ subj. Ex 34:10 Dt 1:30 all that he did with you, 10:21 (cf. ψ 86:17 supr.), human subj. 2 Ch 24:24 (obj. שְׁפָטִים), Ru 2:11. (5) seldom c. ב, usually of executing judgment upon 1 S 28:18 Is 48:14, more gen. Est 1:15 what shall we do with the queen? also, subj. י׳, Ez 25:11; 28:26 ψ 149:7, 9 Nu 33:4 (on false gods); in good sense, ע׳ חֲסָדִים בּ׳ Ne 13:14. (6) of י׳ doing the justice (מִשְׁפַּט) of any one, i.e. maintaining his cause 1 K 8:45, 49 ψ 9:5. (7) c. adv. do thus, כֹּה, Jos 6:14 (JE), according to, ךְּ, Gn 6:22 (P), 18:21 (J), 1 K 2:6; acc. as, כַּאֲשֶׁר Gn 27:19 (J); Ex 1:17 (E) +; c. בְּ of manner, Ju 9:16a, Ez 8:18; 25:15. b. work for (ל rei) Gn 30:30 (J); c. ל pers. 1 S 14:6 Ez 29:20 (for י׳); work in (ב) gold or other material 1 K 7:14 2 Ch 2:6, 13 Ex 31:4, 5; 35:32 (all P); c. בָּהּ (i.e. בָּעֲבֹדָח) Ex 5:9 (J) in toil Ne 4:10; work w. (עִם) God 1 S 14:45, so prob. of God’s working with (אֵת) Moses and Aaron 1 S 12:6 (usually appoint); c. עִם with (of pers. in whose company, in whose field) Ru 2:19⁽⁾ (gleaning); work בְּחֵפֶץ כַּפֶּיהָ Pr 31:13; without prep. Ex 36:1 Ne 3:38. 2. deal with, c. עִם, 2 Ch 2:2 Dn 1:13 (כַּאֲשֶׁר acc. as); c. אֵת, Ez (17:17) 20:44 Mic 5:14 ψ 109:21; Ez 22:14 Zp 3:19 (Gr Now ins. כָּלָה, v. ii 1 g), + ךְּ Je 21:2, + בְּ of manner Ez 23:25, 29; c. לְ pers. + בְּ 25:12; c. בְּ pers., Je 18:23 Dn 11:7, + ךְּ according to Ne 9:24 Est 3:11. 3. often in phr., do kindness (חֶסֶד) with: c. עִם, (עִמָּדִי) Gn 19:19; 24:12, 14 (J), Ju 1:24; 8:35 1 S 15:6 2 S 2:5; 10:2 = 1 Ch 19:2 +; c. עַל, 1 S 20:8 (but read עִם Vrss We Dr al.); abs., ψ 109:16; obj. חֶסֶד + אֱמֶת, c. עִם, Jos 2:14 (JE) Ju 9:19 2 S 2:6; c. אֵת with, Gn 24:49; 32:11; 47:29 (all J); c. לְ, Ex 20:6 = Dt 5:10, 2 S 22:51 = ψ 18:51; so ע׳ טוֹב, c. עִם, Gn 26:29 (J), cf. Ju 8:35; 9:16; c. אֵת with, 1 S 24:19 2 S 2:6. 4. abs. act., act with effect, especially of י׳, 1 K 8:32, 39 Je 14:7 Ez 20:9, 14, 22 ψ 22:32; 37:5; 52:11 Dn 9:19; of men 2 Ch 31:21 Dn 8:12, 24; 11:28, 30, 32; c. ל pers. Ez 31:11.

II. 1. make (670 + times): a. c. obj. conr., ark Gn 8:6, altar 13:4, idols Ju 18:24, 31 +, etc. b. often of God’s making (creating) Gn 3:1 (J), 1:7, 16, 25 (P), Ne 9:6 Jb 9:9 Pr 8:26 2 Ch 2:11 ψ 95:5 +; making man ψ 100:3; 119:73 (made by God’s hands), in the womb Jb 31:15⁽⁾; making constituting, nation Dt 26:19; 32:6, 15; pt. sf. עֹשֵׁהוּ his Maker Is 17:7 Pr 14:31; 17:5 (הָעשֹׁוֹ Jb 40:19 is improb., most read הֶעָשָׂוּי, with various interpr. of foll. words); עֹשֶׁךָ Is 51:13, עֹשֵׁנִי Jb 32:22 (Ginsb; v 22 van d. H. Baer), עֹשֵׁנוּ ψ 95:6; so appar. pt. pl. עֹשָׁ֑י Jb 35:10, עֹשַׁיִךְ Is 54:5 (Ges ^{124 k} expl. as sg.). c. make something c. לְ reflex., make for thee Ex 20:4 Dt 9:12; 10:1 +, for (ל) another 1 S 2:19 2 S 7:11 1 K 2:24 +; obj. מִשְׁתֶּה banquet Gn 40:20 Est 5:4, also (no ל) Gn 29:22 (E) Ju 14:10 Est 5:5, 12 and (fig., י׳ subj.) Is 25:6; c. ל rei, Dt 22:8; c. ל of animal Gn 33:17 (J). d. make a name (שֵׁם) for oneself (ל) 2 S 7:9 1 Ch 17:8, also (no ל) 2 S 8:13; a new heart for oneself (ל) Ez 18:31. e. make war with (אֶת) Gn 14:2 Jos 11:18 (D); c. עִם, Dt 20:12, 20 1 Ch 5:10, 19; abs. 1 Ch 22:8; c. ל reflex. Pr 24:6; pt. עשֵֹׁה מִלְחָמָה 2 Ch 11:1; 26:11, 13; make peace, c. ל pers. Jos 9:15 (J); ע׳ אִתִּי בְרָכָה 2 K 18:31 make an agreement with me. f. c. ב, ע׳ פֶּרֶץ בּ׳ Ju 21:15 י׳ brought a catastrophe upon (cf. פרץ). g. c. 2 acc., make something out of (acc. mater.) Ex 25:18; 28:13; 37:17, 24 Ct 3:10 Dt 10:3 +; make something into something (Ges ^{117 ii}) Ho 8:4 Gn 27:9 Ju 17:4 Nu 11:8; 17:3 ψ 104:4; make something כָּלָה, i.e. utterly destroy it Na 1:8 Zp 1:18 Ez 20:17 Ne 9:31; c. pt. pass. as 2nd acc. Ex 38:7 they made it נְבוּב לֻחֹת hollow with boards, 39:9; but also c. acc. + לְ, Ho 2:10 gold they made into (ל) the Baal, Ju 8:27 Ex 27:3 (P), Dt 9:14 Je 37:15 Ez 4:9 IS 44:17, 19; make something for (ל pers.), + מִן of material Ct 3:9. 2. produce, yield: of grain, yielding meal Ho 8:7⁽⁾, vineyard, grapes Is 5:2⁽⁾, 4⁽⁾, 10, tree, fruit 2 K 19:30 = Is 37:31, Ho 9:16 Je 12:2; 17:8 Ez 17:23 (all fig.), Gn 1:11, 12 (P); branches Jb 14:9 and (fig.) Ez 17:8; land, fruit Lv 25:21 cf. Hb 3:17, abs. Gn 41:47; of seed Is 5:10, vine, shoots Ez 17:6 (fig.); of cows, yielding milk Is 7:22; hippop. producing fat Jb 15:27. 3. prepare, especially of dressing and cooking food, Gn 18:7, 8 Ju 6:19; 13:15 1 S 25:18 (pass.), 2 S 12:4⁽⁾ Gn 27:14, 17, 31 2 S 13:5, 7 1 K 17:12 Ex 12:39 ( + ל reflex.) Ez 35:6; a bullock for sacrifice 1 K 18:23, 25, 26; כְּלֵי גוֹלָה Ez 12:3 ( + ל reflex.); a chamber Ne 13:7; prepare to build ( + ל pers. and inf.). 4. make offering, e.g. עוֹלָה Ju 13:16 Je 33:18 Lv 16:24, עוֹלָה וָזֶבַח 2 K 5:17 ( + ל dei), הַחַטָּאת Lv 14:19, אִשֶּׁה Nu 15:3, 14, various offerings 1 K 8:64 Lv 9:22 Ez 45:17; 46:2 +; + לי׳ to י׳ Lv 17:9 +; also c. acc. of thing sacrificed (perhaps orig. prepare or provide, v. supr.) Ez 43:25⁽⁾; 46:15 Lv 14:30; 15:15, 30; 16:9 Nu 6:11, 17 ψ 66:15 ( + ל dei) +; abs. = offer sacrifice Ex 10:25 (E + לי׳), to (ל) heathen gods 2 K 17:32. 5. attend to, put in order: pare (the nails) Dt 21:12; wash (feet) 2 S 19:25; trim (beard) v 25 (cf. Fr faire la barbe, Ger. die Haare machen). 6. observe, celebrate, religious festival, e.g. pass-over Ex 12:47, 48 Nu 9:4, 8, 13 Jos 5:10, also ( + לי׳) Ex 12:48 Nu 9:10, 14 (all P). Dt 16:1 +; sabbath Ex 31:16 Dt 5:15; feast of weeks 16:10, booths 16:13, Purim Est 9:21, 27, etc. 7. acquire property of various kinds (cf. ‘make money’) Gn 12:5; 31:1 (J), Is 15:7 Je 17:11; 48:36 Dt 8:18 Ez 22:13; 28:4⁽⁾; 38:12 2 Ch 32:29 Ec 2:8; + ל reflex. Dt 8:17 2 S 15:1 1 K 1:5; of fruts from vineyards, etc. ψ 107:37. 8. appoint priests 1 K 12:31; 13:33 2 Ch 2:17 (all + מִן source), a feast 1 K 12:32, 33 ( + ל pers.); ordain a sacrifice Nu 28:6, a festal day ψ 118:24; institute, אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי ghost and familiar spirit 2 K 21:6 = 2 Ch 33:6 (cf. Dr Dt 18:11). 9. bring about, of י׳’s effecting a deliverance Ex 14:13 (לָכֶם), 1 S 11:13 2 S 23:10 (ins. also || 1 Ch 11:13 Dr). v 12; cause, sq. cl. c. שֶׁ Ec 3:14. 10. use, וְע׳ לִמְלַאכְתּוֹ 1 S 8:16; pass. Ex 38:24 11. spend, pass, days of life Ec 6:12.

Niph.₉₇ Pf. 3 ms. נַעֲשָׂה Ju 16:11 +; 3 fs. נֶעֶשְׂתָה 2 S 17:23 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יֵעָשֶׂה Gn 29:26 +, 3 fs. c. ו subord. וְתֵעָשׂ Est 5:6; 7:2; 9:12 (Ges ^{109 f}), etc.; Inf. cstr. הֵעָשׂוֹת Est 9:1, 14, etc.; Pt. נַעֲשֶׂה Ne 5:18, etc.;— 1. be done (pass. of Qal I 1): a. subj. מְלָאכָה Ju 16:11 (c. ב instr.), Ne 6:16 (c. מֵאֵת אֱלֹהִים), v 9 Ex 12:16 + 4 times; subj. om. Ez 44:14, indef. Est 4:1; c. כֵּן 9:14; be done, כַּתּוֹרָה Ezr 10:3; be committed, of offence, Dt 13:15 Nu 15:24 Ec 4:1 + 3 times; c. neg. not (yet) done, i.e. future Is 46:10; be accomplished, performed, fulfilled Ez 12:25, 28 Dn 11:36 Est 5:5; 7:2; 9:12; be executed, carried out, of sentence Ec 8:11, decree Est 9:1; be followed of counsel 2 S 17:23; nearly = occur Ec 1:9⁽⁾, 13; 9:3, 6, subj. מַעֲשֶׂה 1:14; 2:17; 4:3; 8:9, 17, subj. הֶבֶל v 14, עִנְיָן v 15. b. Impf. c. neg., is (are) not done, not according to usage, of flagrant offences Gn 20:9 (E), 29:26 (c. כֵּן), 34:7 (both J), 2 S 13:12 (כֵּן); hence (P) not to be done, forbidden by י׳ Lv 4:2, 13, 22, 27; 5:17. c. be done to, c. ל of animal 1 S 11:7 (כֹּה); ל pers. Ex 2:4 (E) 21:31 (E; כַּמִּשְׁפָּט), Is 3:11 Je 5:13 (כֹּה), Lv 24:19 (H; כֵּן), Nu 15:34 (P) + 8 times; be done for, ל pers. Ju 11:37 Est 6:3, עִם pers v 3; ל rei Nu 15:11 (כָּכָה). d. be done upon, against (ב) Dn 9:12. † 2. (pass. of Qal II): a. be made, of concr. things 1 K 10:20 = 2 Ch 9:19 (throne), Je 3:16 (ark), 2 K 12:14 Ez 43:18 Ex 25:31 Nu 4:26 (P); c. acc. mat. Lv 2:7. b. be produced from (מִן) vine Nu 6:4. c. be prepared, of food Ex 12:16 Lv 6:14; 7:9 (all P), Ne 5:18⁽⁾. d. be offered, מִנְחָה Lv 2:8, 11, kid Nu 28:15, 24. e. be observed, passover 2 K 23:22, 23 (ל dei) = 2 Ch 35:18, 19; Purim Est 9:28. f. be used + ל rei Lv 7:24; 13:51 (P), Ez 15:5⁽⁾; cf. Ex 38:24 1 S 8:16.

†Pu. Pf. 1 s. עֻשֵּׂיתִי ψ 139:15 I was made.

עֲשָׂהאֵל S GK₁₈ n.pr.m. Ασαηλ, GL Ασσαηλ (on this and foll. of אֶלְעָשָׂה);— 1. brother of Joab and Abishai 2 S 2:18⁽⁾ + 7 times 2, + 3:27, 30; 23:24 1 Ch 2:16; 11:26; 27:7. 2. Levites: a. 2 Ch 17:8 (Ιασειηλ, Ασιηλ). b. 31:13. 3. post-exil. name Ezr 10:15.

†עֲשִׂיאֵל S GK n.pr.m. Simeonite 1 Ch 4:35, Ασιηλ.

†עֲשָׂיָה S GK n.pr.m. Ασαιας, etc.; GL in Kgs. Αζαριας;— 1. servant of Josiah 2 K 22:12, 14 = 2 Ch 34:20. 2. Simeonite 1 Ch 4:36. 3. Levites: a. 6:15; 15:6, 11. b. 9:5.

†(ו)יעשׂו Kt, (וְ)יַעֲשָׂ֑י Qr, n.pr.m. one with foreign wife Ezr 10:37, G καὶ ἐποίησαν.

†יַעֲשִׂיאֵל S GK n.pr.m. 1. hero of David 1 Ch 11:47, (Ι)εσσιηλ. 2. Benjamite ruler 27:21, Ασειηρ, GL Ιασσιηλ.

מַעֲשֶׂה S TWOT GK₂₃₃ n.m. Gn 20:9 deed, work;—abs. מ׳ Gn 44:15 +, cstr. מַעֲשֵׂה Is 5:12 +; sf. מַעֲשֵׂהוּ Ju 13:12 +, etc.; pl. מַעֲשִׂים Gn 20:9 +; cstr. מַעֲשֵׂי Je 1:16 +; sf. מַעֲשָׂיו 1 S 19:4 (or sg., so Dr) +, etc.;—often acc. cogn. c. עשׂה;— 1. a. (1) deed, thing done by man Nu 16:28 (JE), 1 K 13:11 Is 26:12;—1 S 20:19 is obscure; (2) implic. evil Gn 44:15 (J), Ex 23:24 (E), Ne 6:14 + 8 times, + sg. coll. doing(s) Mi 6:16 Lv 18:3⁽⁾ (H), 2 Ch 17:4, מ׳ יְדֵיהֶם La 3:64 Hg 2:14, Jb 33:17 (reading מִמַּעֲשֵׂהוּ G Di Siegf Bu), Ez 16:30 (behaviour); explic. מַעֲשֵׂינוּ הָרָעִים Ezr 9:13 cf. Ec 4:3; 8:11, 14, מַעֲשֵׂי־אָוֶן Is 59:6; specif. of idolatr. practices, מ׳ יְדֵיכֶם sg. Dt 31:29 Je 25:6, 7; 32:30, pl. 44:8, cf. sg. 1 K 16:7 2 K 22:17 = 2 Ch 34:25; (3) implic. right, praiseworthy 1 S 19:4 2 K 23:19 Jon 3:10 Pr 31:31; of duty in gen. הַמּ׳ אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשׂוּן Ex 18:20 (E) = what they are to do; explic. Ec 4:4; 8:14; (4) as basis of judgment (good or bad) Is 66:18 ψ 33:15; 62:13 Ec 12:14, מ׳ יְדֵיהֶם Je 25:14. b. (1) work, labour, husbandry Ex 23:16 (E), Gn 5:29 (J), Ju 19:16, מ׳ יְדֵיכֶם Hg 2:17; enforced labour of Isr. in Egypt Ex 5:5, 13 (J); in gen. 23:12 (E); also of product of labour 23:16, cf. Is 65:22 Ec 5:5; שֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי הַמּ׳ Ez 46:1 the six working-days; of religious work, מ׳ עֲבֹדַת בֵּית הָא׳ 1 Ch 23:28, cf. מ׳ 2 Ch 31:21; (2) business, pursuit, Gn 46:33; 47:3 (J), Ju 13:12 1 S 25:2 Is 54:16; in gen., occupation Is 29:15 Ec 2:4, 11; 3:17, 22; 8:9; 9:7, 10; (3) undertaking, enterprise Is 19:14, 15 Dt 15:10; מ׳ יָדֶ֑ךָ Dt 2:7 + 5 times Dt, 2 Ch 32:30 Jb 1:10 ψ 28:4, מ׳ יָדֵינוּ ψ 90:17⁽⁾; (4) achievement Je 48:7 Est 10:2; (5) in weakened sense, מַעֲשֶׂיךָ Pr 16:3 thine affairs; nearly = occurrences Ec 1:14 (pl.), 2:17; 8:17 (sg.). c. deed(s), work(s) of י׳, especially in deliverance and in judgment, Ju 2:7, 10 Jos 24:31 (D), ψ 33:4 + 21 times, + מ׳ יָדָיו etc. Is 5:12 ψ 28:5; 92:5 + 4 times; מ׳ חָאֱלֹהִים in gen. Ec 7:13; 8:17; 11:5 cf. 3:11. 2. a. (1) work, thing made, by man, מ׳ אֹפֶה Gn 40:17 (E) baker’s work; מ׳ יְדֵי יוֹצֵר La 4:2; often of furnishings of tabern., מ׳ חֹשֵׁב Ex 26:1 + 7 times, מ׳ רֹקֵם 26:36 + 5 times, מ׳ אֹרֵג 28:32 + 2 times, מ׳ חָרָשׁ 28:11, cf. מ׳ יְדֵי אָמָּן Ct 7:2; of holy oil, etc. מ׳ רֹקֵחַ Ex 30:25 + 2 times (ins. רֹקֵחַ perhaps also 2 Ch 16:14); hence מ׳ = work of art Is 3:24 (of coiffure), cf. כְּלִי מ׳ Nu 31:51; sq. n. of material, pattern, etc., מ׳ עִזִּים v 20 (i.e. goats’ hair), v. also Ex 27:4; 28:14 +; in temple, מ׳ שְׂבָכָה 1 K 7:17, מ׳ שׁוּשַׁן v 19, etc.; מ׳ צַעֲצֻעִים 2 Ch 3:10, cf. מ׳ הַחֲבִתִּים 1 Ch 9:31 the work of (consisting in) bread-wafers; = materials of (prepared for) הָעוֹלָה 2 Ch 4:6; in theoph. מ׳ לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר Ex 24:10 (J); מ׳ of ships 2 Ch 20:37; in gen. Is 29:16; Ez 27:16, 18 = thy manufactures, wares; מַעֲשַׂי ψ 45:2 = my verses (ποίημα, poem); (2) workmanship Ez 1:16⁽⁾ (v 16a del. Co Toy) 1 K 7:8 Ex 28:8 + 11 times; (3) מ׳ יְדֵי אָדָם of idols (contemptuously) Dt 4:28 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19 = 2 Ch 32:19, ψ 115:4; 135:15, cf. Is 2:8 (מ׳ יָדָיו), Ho 14:4 Mi 5:12 Je 1:16; so (יְדֵי) מ׳ חָרָשׁ Dt 27:15 Je 10:3, 9, cf. Ho 13:2; מ׳ חֲכָמִים Je 10:9; מ׳ תַּעְתֻּעִים v 15 51:18; appar. also מַעֲשֵׂהֶם Is 41:29 cf. 57:12 Ez 6:6; מ׳ יָדָיו of altars Is 17:8. b. work (made by) God Ex 32:16 (E); especially (poet. and late), of created things, ψ 103:22; 104:24 + 4 times ψ; מ׳ אֶצְבְּעֹתֶיךָ 8:4, מ׳ יָדֶיךָ 102:26 (both of heavens), cf. 19:2 (heavenly bodies), 8:7 (animals); of man Jb 14:15; 34:19, cf. כָּל־אַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֵׂהוּ every mortal whom He has made; also 37:7; of a nation Is 19:25; 60:21; 64:7; of weights Pr 16:11 (but read perhaps הַמֶּלֶךְ for י׳ Gr Toy). c. product of olive-tree, מ׳ זַיִת Hb 3:17; fig. product of righteousness Is 32:17.

†מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ S GK, -יָה S TWOT GK, מַעֲשַׂי n.pr.m. (work of י׳; cf. n.pr. מעשיהו on Isr. seal, ClGann, v. Lzb 315);—Μα(α)σσαια(ς), etc., G Ezr 10:21 Μασαηλ:— 1. priest, Je.’s time, מַעֲשֵׂיָה Je 21:1; 29:25; 37:3; perhaps 35:4 (-יָחוּ). 2. 29:21. מַעֲשֵׂיָהוּ 3. Levites: a. 1 Ch 15:18, 20. b. 2 Ch 23:1. 4. officials: a. 26:11. b. 34:8. 5. son of Ahaz 28:7. 6. Levite 1 Ch 6:25 reading מַעֲשֵׂיָה for MT בַּעֲשֵׂיָה q.v., cf. Kit. מַעֲשֵׂיָה of various post-exile men: 7. Ne 3:23 (Μαδασηλ, A Μαασιου). 8. a. 8:4, 7. b. 10:26. c. 11:5. d. v 7. e. 12:41. f. v 42. 9. a. Ezr 10:18. b. v 21 (Μασαηλ, Μασειας). c. v 22. d. v 30. 10. מַעֲשַׂי (van d. H. מַעְשַׂי) Μα(α)σαι(α), a priest 1 Ch 9:12.

†ii.[עָשָׂה S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. Pi. press, squeeze (NH עִשָּׂה Pi. compel; T עַסִּי Pa. crush, gnash (teeth); cf. Arabic غَشِىَ (ğašiya) compress a woman);—Pf. 3 pl. עִשּׂוּ דַּדֵּי בְּתוּלִים Ez 23:3, 8 (unchaste act); Inf. cstr. בַּעֲשׂוֹת … דַּדַּיִךְ v 21 read Pi. בְּעַשּׂוֹת (Ew Co Toy, al.).

עֵשָׂו S GK₉₇ n.pr.m. Esau, Ησαυ;—Esau, elder son of Isaac Gn 25:25, 26 + 7 times 25, 26:34; 27:1 + 24 times 27, 28, 32:4 + 15 times 32, 33, 35, Jos 24:4⁽⁾ Mal 1:2, 3 1 Ch 1:34; identif. with אֱדוֹם Gn 36:1, 8, 19, ancestor of Edomites v 9, 43, cf. 1 Ch 1:35; dwelling in Mt. Seir Gn 36:8 (25 times in all, Gn 36) Dt 2:5 Jos 24:4; בְּנֵי עֵשָׂו = Edomites Dt 2:4, 8, 12, 22, 29; עֵשָׂו = Edom Je 49:8 Ob 6, בֵּית עֵשָׂו v 18⁽⁾, הַר עֵשָׂו v 8, 9, 19, 21.

†[עָשַׂק S TWOT GK] vb. Hithp. contend (perhaps orig. cling to (in strife), cf. Arabic عَشِقَ (˓ašiqa) cling with love (Lag ¹⁴³); Syriac ܥܣܰܩ (˓saq), Ethpa. be difficult (i.e. indignant, hostile); NH עָסַק, T עֲסַק, busy oneself, NH עֵסֶק business, occupation);—Pf. 3 pl. הִתְעַשְּׂקוּ עִמּוֹ Gn 26:20 they contended with him.

†עֵ֫שֶׂק S GK n.pr.font. in SW. Pal. Gn 26:20 (expl. as contention);—locality unknown, G Ἀδικία.

עשׂר TWOT (√ of foll.; appar. gather, unite, cf. Arabic عَشِيرٌ (˓ašīrun) kinsman, عَشِيرَةٌ (˓ašīratun) tribe, مَعْشَرٌ (ma˓šarun) assembly; hence ten = collection, union).

עֶשֶׂר S TWOT GK, עֲשָׂרָה S TWOT GK₁₇₆ n.m. and f. ten (NH = BH; perhaps MI ³³ עשרֿ; Ph. עשר, עסר, עשרת, etc.; Arabic عَشْرٌ, عَشَرَةٌ (˓ašrun, ˓ašaratun); Sab. עשר SabDenkm ^{11 b, l. 5, 6}, עשרת and cpds. Hom ⁴⁸; Ethiopic ዐሥሩ, ዐሠርቱ (˓ašru, ˓aššartu); Assyrian ešru; T עֲסַר, עַסְרָא; עֲשַׂר, עַשְׂרָא; Syriac ܥܣܰܪ, ܥܶܣܪܳܐ (˓sar, ˓esro); Nab. עשר, all = ten; Palm. עשרתא the Ten (rulers));—m. (c. n.f.) עֶ֫שֶׂר 2 S 15:16 + 53 times (abs. and cstr. usually indistinguishable); עָ֑שֶׂר 1 K 7:43 1 Ch 6:46; f. (c. n.m.): abs. עֲשָׂרָה Gn 24:10 + 69 times; cstr. (prob.) עֲשֶׂ֫רֶת 1 S 17:18 + 46 times; f.pl. עֲשָׂרֹת Ex 18:21 + 2 times;—on pl. עֶשְׂרִים, 20, v. infr.;—† 1. a ten, only f.pl. tens in phr. שָׂרֵי ע׳ captains of tens Ex 18:21, 25 (E), Dt 1:15. 2. ten, enumerating pers. or things, usually without other num.: a. עֶ֫שֶׂר bef. n.f.pl., Gn 45:23 + 43 times; after n. †1 K 7:27, 43 + late passages Jos 15:57; 21:5, 26 (all P), 1 Ch 6:46 2 Ch 4:7; bef. בָּאַמָּה = ten cubits †1 K 6:3, 25, 26; 7:23, 24. b. עֲשָׂרָה bef. n.m.pl., Gn 45:23 + 25 times (incl. ע׳ אֲלָפִים = 10,000 2 S 18:3 2 K 24:14 Kt, עֲשֶׂרֶת Qr); bef. n. coll. בָּקָר 1 K 5:3, רֶכֶב 2 K 13:7; also ע׳ לֶחֶם הַזֶּה 1 S 17:17 these ten loaves, cf. 1 K 14:3; ע׳ אֶלֶף Ez 45:1 read עֶשְׂרִים א׳ G Hi Co Berthol Toy; after n.m.pl. †Gn 32:16⁽⁾; 43:3 (all E), Jos 17:5 (JE), Nu 29:23 (P), 1 K 7:43 2 Ch 4:6, 8 Dn 1:12, 14, 15 †; after n. coll. צֹאן 2 Ch 30:24; n. om., sc. men, †Gn 18:32 (J) Am 5:3 Ezr 8:4; sc. shekels (weight) Gn 24:22 (J) Nu 7:14 + 13 times Nu 7 (ע׳ זָהָב); ע׳ כֶסֶף (sc. shekels, value) 2 S 18:11; sc. measures (of grain) Hg 2:16; c. art. the ten Gn 18:32 (J; sc. men), Ne 11:1 (id. = every ten); as pred. Ex 27:12⁽⁾ = 38:12⁽⁾ (all P)†. c. עֲשֶׂ֫רֶת bef. n.m.pl. Ex 34:28 + 18 times, + כַּעֲשֶׂרֶת הַיָּמִים 1 S 25:38 (on art. cf. Weir in Dr, but dub.; prob. om., so G We Bu), + ע׳ אֲלָפִים = 10,000 Ju 1:4 + 26 times; n. om. ע׳ כֶּסֶף (sc. shekels) Ju 17:10. † 3. rarely + other num.: a. עֶשֶׂר after larger num., מֵאָה וָע׳ שָׁנִים Gn 50:22, 26 Jos 24:29 (all E), Ju 2:8. b. ע׳ before larger num. עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים וּתְשַׁע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה Gn 5:14 (P). c. עֲשָׂרָה after larger num., מֵאָה וַעֲשָׂרָה הַזְּכָרִים Ezr 8:12, cf. (n. preceding) 1:10. d. עֲשָׂרָה after smaller num., שִׁבְעָה שְׁקָלִים וַעֲשָׂרָה הַכָּ֑סֶף Je 32:9 = seventeen shekels; before smaller num. + n. sg. עֲשָׂרָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה שֶׁקֶל Ez 45:12, but read חֲמִשִּׁים, joining עֲשָׂרָה to preceding, G Hi Co al.

עָשָׂר S TWOT GK₂₀₃, עֶשְׂרֵה S TWOT GK₁₄₄ n. ten, only after units to make num. 11–19, both cardinal and ordinal; עֶשְׂרֵה c. n.f., עָשָׂר c. n.m., thus: 1. eleven: a. אַחַד עָשָׂר (c. n.m.) Gn 32:23 + 2 times. b. אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה (c. n.f.) 2 K 23:36 + 7 times; also = eleventh 1 K 6:38 2 K 9:29. c. עַשְׁתֵּי עָשָׂר (c. n.m.) Nu 29:20; ord. Dt 1:3 + 7 times. d. עַשְׁתֵּי עֶשְׂרֵה (c. n.f.) Ex 26:7 + 4 times; ord. Je 1:3 + 4 times. 2. twelve: a. שְׁנֵי(ם) עָשָׂר (c. n.m.) Gn 35:22 + 80 times; ord. 1 K 19:19 + 12 times b. שְׁתֵּי(ם) עֶשְׂרֵה (c. n.f.) Ex 24:4 + 31 times; ord. 2 K 8:25 + 6 times. 3. thirteen: a. שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר (c. n.m.) Nu 29:14 + 2 times; ord. Est 3:12 + 7 times. b. שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה (c. n.f.) 1 K 7:1 + 9 times; ord. Gn 14:4 + 2 times. 4. fourteen: a. אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר Gn 46:22 + 13 times; ord. Ex 12:6 + 17 times. b. אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה Gn 31:41 + 5 times; ord. 2 K 18:13 + 3 times. 5. fifteen: a. חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר Ho 3:2 + 3 times; ord. Ex 16:1 + 14 times. †b. חֲמֵשֶׁת עָשָׂר Ju 8:10 2 S 19:18. c. חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה 2 K 14:17 + 9 times; ord. †2 K 14:23 2 Ch 15:10.—Vid. also עֶשֶׂר 3 d. 6. sixteen: a. שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר Ex 26:25 + 6 times; ord. 1 Ch 24:14 + 2 times. b. שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה Gn 46:18 + 13 times. 7. seventeen: a. שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר 1 Ch 7:11 + 2 times; ord. Gn 7:11 + 3 times. b. שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה Gn 37:2 + 4 times; ord. 1 K 22:52 2 K 16:1.—Vid. also עֶשֶׂר 3 d. 8. eighteen: a. עָשָׂר (שְׁמֹנַת) שְׁמֹנָה Gn 14:4 + 10 times; ord. †1 Ch 24:15; 25:25. b. שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה Ju 3:14 + 6 times; ord. 1 K 15:1 + 8 times. † 9. nineteen: a. תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר 2 S 2:30; ord. 1 Ch 24:16; 25:26. b. תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה Gn 11:25 Jos 19:38; ord. 2 K 25:8 = Je 52:12.

These num. usually take sg. of the nouns most often used, שָׁנָה, יוֹם, חֹדֶשׁ, cf. (sometimes) אִישׁ, אַמָּה, etc.; otherwise pl.; rarely (late usage) they follow noun, which is then usually pl., e.g. Nu 29:30 Jos 15:51 (P), Ezr 8:35⁽⁾ Est 3:13; 8:5, etc. (even שָׁנִים שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה Ne 5:14), but שָׁנָה precedes ordinal 1 K 6:38, שְׁנַת 15:1 + 8 times, so יוֹם (c. ord.) 2 Ch 29:17 + 5 times Est 9; also יוֹם and שָׁנָה (שְׁנַת) both precede and foll. ordinal Nu 7:72, 78 2 K 8:25; 9:29; 14:23; 16:1 Je 32:1 2 K 25:8 = Je 52:12.—Vid. also Kö^{. 1, 211 ff.} Da ^{§ 37 a, also R. 1, 2} Ges^{§ 92 d, e, 134}, and especially Herner ^{Synt. d. Zahlwörter im AT (1893)}; on form in ה—ֵ (prob for י—ַ), Ol ¹¹⁰ Kö^{. 1, 427} W ¹³⁸.

†[עָשַׂר S TWOT GK] vb. denom. take the tenth of, tithe;—Qal Impf. 3 ms. יַעְשֹׂר 1 S 8:15, 17 (c. acc. of thing tithed). Pi. Impf. + Inf. abs. give a tenth of, c. acc. rei: 2 ms. עַשֵּׂר תְּעַשֵּׂר Dt 14:22; 1 s. עַשֵּׂר אֲעַשְּׂרֶנּוּ לָ֑ךְ Gn 28:22 (P); Pt. taking the tenth, הַמְעַשְּׂרִים Ne 10:38. Hiph. (so usually expl.) Inf. לַעְשֵׂר Dt 26:12 c. acc. cogn. i.e. taking, reckoning, tithe, but Inf. cstr. with—ֵ improb., < read לְעַשֵּׂר Pi.; בַּעְשֵׂר Ne 10:39 abs., i.e. receiving tithes, but read prob. בַּעְשֹׂר Qal (on anom. points, see Ges ^{53 k} Dr Dt 26:12).

†עָשׂוֹר S TWOT GK, and (Ex 12:3) עָשֹׂר n.[m.] a ten, decade;— 1. usually of days: a. a period of ten days Gn 24:55 (J). b. in phr., לַחֹדֶשׁ (עָשֹׂר) בֶּעָשׂוֹר on the tenth day of the month Lv 25:9 (H), Ez 20:1; 24:1; 40:1 Ex 12:3 Lv 16:29; 23:27 Nu 29:7 Jos 4:19 (all P), 2 K 25:1 = Je 52:4, Je 52:12 (seventh day in || 2 K 25:8). 2. of strings of instr.: נֵבֶל ע׳ harp, a ten (-stringed one) ψ 33:2; 144:9; ע׳ alone ψ 92:4 upon a ten (-stringed instrument).

עֶשְׂרִים S TWOT GK₃₁₅ n.pl.indecl. (a) twenty (ancient pl. of עֶשֶׂר Prä ^{i. 376}; NH = BH; Arabic عِشْرُونَ (˓išrūna); Assyrian ešrâ; Sab. עשרי Hom ⁴⁸; Ethiopic ዕሥራ (˓əšrā) Aramaic עשרין, ܥܶܣܪܺܝܢ (˓esrin); Nab. עשרין);—I. as cardinal: 1. without other num.: a. usually sq. n.s. (especially שָׁנָה, אִישׁ, אַמָּה, etc.) Gn 31:38 1 S 14:14 Ex 38:18 + 64 times, + עֶשְׂרִים אֶלֶף 20,000 1 Ch 18:4 + 7 times + Ez 45:1 (reading עֶשְׂרִים אָ֑לֶף, v. עֶשֶׂר 2 b). b. sq. n.pl. 2 S 3:20 Ex 36:23, 24, 25 + 4 times. †c. sq. n.s. coll. 1 K 5:3. d. n.pl. precedes Gn 32:15⁽⁾, 16 2 Ch 3:3 + 6 times e. n. om. Gn 18:31⁽⁾ (הָע׳), 1 K 6:2 + 6 times, as pred. Ex 27:10⁽⁾, 11⁽⁾ + 4 times. †f. + בָּאַמָּה Zc 5:2. 2. + other num.: a. c. units, usually 20 + (c. וְ) unit + n.s. Ju 10:2, 3 1 K 14:20 + 58 times (incl. 20 + 1 × 1000, etc., 27 times); n. om. Jos 15:32 + 2 times pred.; less often unit + 20 + n.s. Gn 11:24 Ex 38:24 Nu 8:24 (all P) + 27 times; unit + 20 + בָּאַמָּה Ez 40:21 Ex 26:2; 36:9 (both P). b. 20 + unit + n.pl. Nu 7:8⁽⁾ (P), 1 Ch 2:22 + 3 times Chr. †c. n.pl. + 20 + unit Jos 19:30 1 Ch 12:29 (van d. H. v 28). d. c. hundreds, 20 usually foll.; sq. n.s. 1 K 9:14 Gn 6:3 Dt 31:2 + 7 times; n. om. 2 Ch 3:4 Ezr 2:32 = Ne 7:35; 20 + 100 (n. om.) Nu 7:86. e. n.pl. + 100 + 20 1 Ch 15:5, 6;—cf. further מֵאָה. II. as ordinal: 1. 20 alone, בִּשְׁנַת ע׳ in the twentieth year 1 K 15:9 + 4 times; n. om. Nu 10:11 + 3 times. 2. a. 20 + unit + ns. Ez 29:17; 40:1. b. ns. + 20 + unit Hg 1:15 2 Ch 7:10 +; ns. + unit + 20 Ex 12:8; בִּשְׁנַת + 20 + unit 1 K 16:10, etc.—Vid. reff. sub עֶשֶׂר.

עֲשִׂירִי S TWOT GK₂₀ m., עֲשִׂירִיָּה, and עֲשִׂירִית₈ f.adj.num.ord. tenth;— 1. דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי Dt 23:3, 4; בַּיּוֹם הָע׳ Nu 7:66 (P); הַחֹדֶשׁ הָע׳ Gn 8:5 (P) Ez 24:1 + 5 times; בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂרִי Je 39:1; ח׳ om. הָעֲשִׂירִי Gn 8:5 (P), בָּעֲשִׂרִי Ez 29:1; 33:21; other nouns om. הָעֲשִׂירִי 1 Ch 12:13; 25:17; 27:13, הָעֲשִׂרִי 24:11; בַּשָּׁנָה הָעֲשִׂרִית Ez 29:1, בַּשּׁ׳ הָעֲשִׂרִית Je 32:1. 2. as subst. a tenth part: f. abs. עֲשִׂרִיָּה Is 6:13; f. cstr. עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה Nu 28:5, עֲשִׂרִית Ex 16:36, עֲשִׂירִת Lv 5:11; 6:13 Nu 5:15; עֲשִׂירִת הַחֹמֶר Ez 45:11; m. abs. הָעֲשִׂירִי Lv 27:32 the tithe (i.e. of cattle, etc.).

עִשָּׂרוֹן TWOT₃₃ n.m. Lv 14:10 tenth part (of ephah; cf. G δέκατον τοῦ οἰφί Nu 15:4, and עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה 28:5; i.e. = עֹמֶר, v. further Benz ¹⁸² Now ^{i. 203});—abs. ע׳ Lv 14:21 +, עִשָּׂרֹן Ex 29:40 Nu 28:13; pl. עֶשְׂרֹנִים Nu 28:9 +;—only P (H), as measure of סֹלֶת used in meal-offering Ex 29:40 Lv 14:10 + 3 times Lv (H only 23:17); Nu 15:4 + 26 times Nu, incl. distributive עִשָּׂר(וֹ)ן עִשָּׂרוֹן 28:13 + 4 times.

†מַעֲשֵׂר S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. Nu 18:28 tenth part, tithe;—abs. מ׳ Nu 18:26 +; cstr. מַעְשַׂר Lv 27:30 +, מַעֲשַׂר Ne 10:39 (bef. הַמַּעֲשֵׂר); sf. מַעַשְׂרוֹ Lv 27:31; pl. abs. מַעַשְׂרוֹת Ne 12:44; sf. מַעְשְׂרֹתֵיכֶם Am 4:4 + 3 times;— 1. tenth part of ḥomer Ez 45:11, of bath v 14. 2. tithe, payment of tenth part: c. מִן rei Gn 14:20 Nu 18:26; usually cstr. bef. n. rei Dt 12:17; 14:23, 28; 26:12 Lv 27:30, 32 2 Ch 31:5, 6⁽⁾ Ne 10:38, 39; 13:5, 12; abs. Nu 18:21, 26⁽⁾ Mal 3:8, 10 2 Ch 31:12 Ne 10:39; 12:44; שְׁנַת הַמּ׳ Dt 26:12 the year of the tithe (i.e. of tithing); c. genit. pers. paying tithe Am 4:4 Dt 12:6, 11 Lv 27:31 Nu 18:24, 28.—Cf. RS^{. i. 228 ff.; 2nd ed. 245 ff.; Lect. ii. N.} Now ^{i. 313; ii. 257 f.} Benz ^{309, 460 f.} Dr ^{Dt. 168 ff.}

i. עָשׁ S TWOT GK^{, ,} Jb 9:9 prob. error for עישׁ, v. עַיִשׁ.

ii. עָשׁ S TWOT GK^{, ,} v. עשׁשׁ.

†עַשְׁוָ֑ת S GK n.pr.m. in Asher 1 Ch 7:33, Ασειθ, Ασουαθ.

עשׁן (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic عَثَنَ (˓aṯana) ascend, Lag ⁵¹ (plausibly); v. عُثَانٌ, عَثَنٌ (˓uṯānun, ˓aṯanun) smoke; also Syriac ܬܶܢܳܢܳܐ (tenono) (Nö ¹¹⁶), ܬܢܳܢܳܐ (tnono), from √ ܥܬܢ (˓tn) according to Hoffm ^{1882, 320}; vb. denom. in Arabic NH).

†i. עָשָׁן S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. Ex 19:18 smoke;—abs. ע׳ Ju 20:38 +, cstr. עֲשַׁן Jos 8:20, 21, עֶ֫שֶׁן Ex 19:18; sf. עֲשָׁנוֹ Ex 19:18, עֲשָׁנָהּ Is 34:10;— 1. a. of burning city Jos 8:20, 21 Ju 20:38, 40, cf. Na 2:14; heralding a foe Is 14:31. b. in fig. of destruction of Isr. Is 9:17, Edom 34:10. c. sim. of dust-cloud Ct 3:6; of transitoriness Ho 13:3 Is 51:6 ψ 37:20 (reading בֶּע׳, as G S B), 68:3; 102:4; sim. of the unpleasant, Pr 10:26. d. breath of crocodile Jb 41:12. 2. a. attending theoph, תַּנּוּר ע׳ Gn 15:17; of mt. Ex 19:18, cf. sim. כְּע׳ הַכִּבְשָׁן v 18; Is 6:4, also 4:5 Jo 3:3. b. of God’s anger, ע׳ בְּאַפּוֹ 2 S 22:9 = ψ 18:9; so prob. also Is 65:5.

†עָשַׁן S TWOT GK vb. denom. smoke, be wroth;—Qal 1. a. smoke, Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ of mt. Ex 19:18, so Impf. 3 mpl. יֶעֱשָׁ֑נוּ (at touch of י׳) ψ 104:32; 144:5. b. fig., 3 ms. יֶעְשַׁן אַף־י׳, c. ב against, Dt 29:19 ψ 74:1. Hence 2. subj. pers., fume, i.e. be wroth, Pf. 2 ms. עָשַׁנְתָּ בּ׳ ψ 80:5.

†עָשֵׁן S TWOT GK adj. smoking;—ע׳ of mt. Ex 20:18 (Gi v 15); pl. הָאוּדִים הָעֲשֵׁנִים Is 7:4 the smoking firebrands (dying out; in fig.).

†ii. עָשָׁן S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. in Shephelah of Judah Jos 15:42, in Simeon according to 19:7 1 Ch 4:32, Levit. city 6:44; Ασαν, etc.; = בּוֹר עָשָׁן, q.v. p. 92 supr.