†חָשַׁךְ S TWOT GK vb. be, grow dark (NH id.; Aramaic חֲשַׁךְ, ܚܫܶܟ (ḥšek); Arabic حَسِكَ (ḥasika) bear rancour, v. Lag ³⁰)—Qal Pf. ח׳ Is 5:30 + 4 times; וְחָֽשְׁכָה consec. Mi 3:6 (but v. infr.); חָֽשְׁכוּ La 5:17; וְחָֽשְׁכוּ consec. Ec 12:3; Impf. 3 fs. תֶּחְשַׁךְ Ec 12:2; וַתֶּחְשַׁךְ Ex 10:15; 3 mpl. יְחְשְׁכוּ Jb 3:9; 3 fpl. תֶּחְשַׁכְנָה ψ 69:24;— 1. be, grow dard, אוֹר Is 5:30, cf. (fig.) Jb 18:6; הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Is 13:16 (fig.); היום Ez 30:18 (where read חשׁך, for MT Baer חשׂך); Jb 3:9 (subj. כוכבים), cf. Ec 12:2 (subj. השׁמשׁ, האור, הירח, הכוכבים); impers. Mi 3:6 (si vera l.; but read prob. וַחֲשֵׁכָה, corresponding with לַיְלָה preceding). 2. have a dark colour: ח׳ מִשְּׁחוֹר תָּֽאֳרָם La 4:8 darker than blackness is their visage; of the earth הָאָרֶץ Ex 10:15. 3. grow dim La 5:17 (subj. עינינו), cf. ψ 69:24 (fig.), Ec 12:3 subj. הָרֹאוֹת i.e. the eyes Hiph. Pf. הֶחְשִׁיךְ Am 5:8, וְהַחֲשַׁכְתִּ֫י Am 8:9; Impf. יַחֲשִׁיךְ ψ 139:12; יַחְשִׁךְ Je 13:16; וַיַּחְשִׁךְ ψ 105:28; Pt. מַחְשִׁיךְ Jb 38:2;— 1. make dark, יום לילה הח׳ Am 5:8; abs. cause darkness Je 13:16 ψ 105:28, cf. Am 8:9 (לארץ). 2. = hide, conceal, sq. מִמֶּךָּ ψ 139:12. 3. fig. obscure, confuse Jb 38:2 (obj. עֵצָה).

†חֹ֫שֶׁךְ S TWOT GK n.m. Ex 10:21 darkness, obscurity;—abs. חֹשֶׁךְ Gn 1:2 + 75 times ( + Ex 8:12 del. Co A B etc.); cstr. id. Ex 10:22; sf. חָשְׁכִּי ψ 18:29 = 2 S 22:29;— 1. darkness (opp. אוֹר) lit. Gn 1:2, 4 (P), Is 45:7 Jb 26:10 Ec 2:13, cf. in imprecation Jb 3:4, 5 (ח׳ וצלמות = לילה Gn 1:5, 18 (P), cf. Jos 2:5 (JE), Is 45:19 Jb 17:12; 24:16; 38:19 ψ 104:20; darkness in mines Jb 28:3; of extraordinary darkness, in Egypt Ex 10:21⁽⁾ (E); ח׳־אֲפֵלָה Ex 10:22 (E), ψ 105:28, from pillar of cloud Ex 14:20 (J); at Mt. Sinai Dt 4:11; 5:20; of clouds of theophany 2 S 22:12 = ψ 18:12; of darkness in death, or She˒ôl, 1 S 2:9 Jb 10:21 (אֶרֶץ ח׳ וצלמות), 17:13; 18:18 ψ 88:13 Pr 20:20 (אִישׁוֹן ח׳ = extreme of darkness). 2. = secret place(s) Id 45:3 Jb 12:22 (|| צלמות); = hiding-place Jb 34:22 (|| id.), cf. ψ 139:11, 12;—on Ez 8:12, v. supr. 3. fig., a. = distress Is 5:30; 9:1; 29:18 (fig. of blindness), 42:7; 49:9; 58:10; 59:9; 60:2 La 3:2 Mi 7:8 ψ 18:29 = 2 S 22:29, Jb 15:22, 23, 30; 20:26; 22:11; 23:17; 29:3 ψ 107:10, 14 (in both || צלמות), 112:4 Ec 5:16; 11:8. b. = dread, terror, symbol. of judgment Am 5:18, 20 Zp 1:15 Na 1:8 Ez 32:8 Jo 2:4; 3:4. c. = mourning Is 47:5. d. = perplexity Jb 5:14; 12:25; 19:8; confusion ψ 35:6. e. = ignorance Jb 37:19 Ec 2:14. f. = evil, sin Is 5:20⁽⁾ Pr 2:13. g. = obscurity Ec 6:4⁽⁾.

†חָשֹׁךְ S TWOT GK adj. obscure, low, only mpl. as subst. בַּל־יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים Pr 22:29 he shall not stand before obscure men (opp. לפני־מלכים).

†חֲשֵׁכָה S^, TWOT GK n.f. darkness (chiefly poet.)—ח׳ Gn 15:12 + 2 times, so read also prob. Mi 3:6 (for MT חָֽשְׁכָה); חֲשֵׁיכָה ψ 139:12; cstr. חֶשְׁכַּת ψ 18:12; pl. חֲשֵׁכִים Is 50:10;—darkness, opp. light (אוֹרָה) ψ 139:12; supernat., ח׳ גדולה Gn 15:12 (JE); חֶשְׁכַּת־מַיִם ψ 18:12 in theoph. (but || 2 S 22:12 חַשְׁרַת־מים a mass of water); fig. = lack of understanding ψ 82:5; = distress Is 8:22 (|| צָרָה), 50:10.

†מַחְשָׁךְ S TWOT GK n.m. dark place (poet.)—abs. מ׳ Is 29:15; 42:16; מַחְשָׁ֑ךְ ψ 88:19; pl. מַחֲשַׁכִּים 88:7; 143:3 = La 3:6; cstr. מַחֲשַׁכֵּי ψ 74:20;—dark place: a. = hiding-place מח׳־ארץ 74:20. b. dark region, in which men may lose their way Is 42:16. c. = grave, or שׁאול ψ 88:19 (v. Che); of dark place of God’s wrath (like She˒ôl) 88:7; cf. 143:3 = La 3:6. d. = secret place, secrecy (of plots) Is 29:15.

†[חָשַׁל S TWOT GK] vb. shatter (Biblical Aramaic חֲשַׁל shatter; NH Pi., || משׁבר; Syriac ܚܫܠ (ḥšl) forge a metal, Arabic حَسَلَ (ḥasala) drive cattle violently; Assyrian ḫašâlu, shatter, destroy Zim ¹² Dl ⁴²)—Niph. Pt. fig. כָּל־הַנֶּחֱשָׁלִים Dt 25:18 all the shattered ones, i.e. those broken down, worn out, sq. וְאַתָּה עָיֵף וְיָגֵעַ others think = חלשׁ.

†חָשֻׁם S GK n.pr.m. head of a family of returned exiles Ezr 2:19 = Ne 7:22, Ezr 10:33 cf. Ne 8:4; 10:19.

†חַשְׁמַל S TWOT^, GK n.[m.] etym. and exact meaning dub.; evidently some shining substance; AV amber; supposed by Thes (q.v.) and most to be a brilliant amalgam of gold and silver, G ἤλεκτρον (v Liddell & Scott s. v. 2), B electrum; v. also Dl in Baer^{Ezech. xii}; only in the combination כְּעֵין ח׳ like the appearance of ח׳ Ez 1:4, 27; כְּעֵין הַחַשְׁמַ֑לָה Ez 8:2 (on ending ה—ָ v. Ges ^{90 f}; Co del.).

†[חַשְׁמַן S TWOT GK] n.m. only pl. חַשְׁמַנִּים ψ 68:32; meaning unknown, G S B ambassadors, Rabb. nobles, conject. from context; doubtless textual error; Nes ^{1891, 152} proposes בשׁמנים they shall come with oils, ointments, Hilg Che (after Aq Jer) חָשִׁם hasting.

†חֶשְׁמוֹן S GK n.pr.loc. town in southern Judah, site unknown Jos 15:27.

†חַשְׁמֹנָה S GK n.pr.loc. a station of Isr. in wilderness Nu 33:29, 30, site unknown.

חשׁן TWOT (√ of foll.; meaning not certain; Arabic حَسُنَ (ḥasuna) is be excellent, beautiful; حُسْنٌ (ḥusnun) beauty, all excellence; hence poss. חֹשֶׁן either as chief ornament of ephod, or as the most excellent, precious article of high priest’s attire.)

†חֹ֫שֶׁן S TWOT GK n.m. the breast-piece or sacred pouch, containing the אורים ותמים, worn on the breast of the high priest when he ministered in the Holy Place to bring the tribes for memorial before. י׳. It was made of the same material as the ephod (v. אֵפוֹד), a span square; set in front with twelve jewels in four rows, engraved with the names of the twelve tribes. It was firmly fastened to the shoulders of the ephod by gold chains passing through gold rings, and to the lower part of the ephod just above the girdle by a blue ribbon passing through other gold rings. It was חשֶׁן (ה)מִשְׁפָּט (Ex 28:15, 29, 30) pouch of judgment, because of the decision given by the אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים. The name occurs only in P, Ex 25:7; 28:4, 15, 22, 23⁽⁾, 24, 26, 28⁽⁾, 29, 30; 29:5; 35:9, 27; 39:8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21⁽⁾ Lv 8:8⁽⁾.—Vid. Now ^{ii. 119.}

†i. חָשַׁק S TWOT GK^, vb. be attached to, love (NH press together, desire (rare); Aramaic חֲשָׁק bind, saddle (an ass))—Qal Pf. ח׳ Dt 7:7 + 4 times; חָֽשְׁקָה Gn 34:8; חָשַׁקְתָּ Is 38:17 (but v. infr.); וְחָֽשַׁקְתָּ֫ Dt 21:11;—be attached to, only fig. = love, a woman sq. בְּ Gn 34:8 (P) Dt 21:11; elsewhere of י׳’s love for Israel Dt 7:7; 10:15, and of love to י׳ ψ 91:14; sq. acc. cogn. + לְ and inf. כל־חֵשֶׁק שְׁלֹמה אשׁר ח׳ לִבְנוֹת 1 K 9:19 = 2 Ch 8:6; חַשַׁקְתָּ נַפְשִׁי מִשַּׁחַת Is 38:17 lit. thou hast loved my soul out of the pit, i.e. lovingly delivered it; but read חָשַׂכְתָּ thou hast held back, kept, from G B Lo Ew Che Di, or חֲשׂךְ hold back (Imv.), so Du.

†חֵ֫שֶׁק S TWOT GK n.m. desire = thing desired—cstr. חֵשֶׁק שְׁלֹמֹה 1 Kg 19 = 2 Ch 8:6, 1 K 9:1; sf. נֶשֶׁף חִשְׁקִי Is 21:4 the twilight of my pleasure.

†[חָשׁוּק S TWOT GK] n.[m.] fillet or ring clasping (binding) a pillar of the tabernacle, only pl. sf. חֲשֻׁקֵיהֶם Ex 27:10 + 5 times; חֲשׁוּקֵיהֶם Ex 38:12, 17; those of the pillars at door of tabernacle (הָאֹהֶל) were overlaid with gold Ex 36:38; those of the pillars of the court with silver 27:10, 11; 38:10, 11, 12, 17, 19 (all P), v. Di on Ex 27:10; > Thes and most who understand of connecting-rods, joining tops of pillars, from which curtains were hung.

†ii. [חשׁק TWOT] vb. denom. only Pi. furnish with fillets or rings, and Pu. pass.; Pi. Pf.; 3 ms. חִשַּׁק Ex 38:28 (P), subj. Bezaleel. Pu. Pt. מְחֻשָּׁקִים כֶּסֶף Ex 27:17; 38:17 furnished with silver fillets, in agreement with הָעַמּוּדִים (both P).

†[חִשּׁוּק S TWOT GK] n.[m.] spoke of a wheel (as binding felloe to nave)—pl. sf. חִשֻּׁקֵיהֶם 1 K 7:33.

חשׁר TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Assyrian ašâru, collect, gather Zim ³⁹. In Arabic, collect is حَشَرَ (ḥašara), but ش (š) not usually = שׁ).

†[חַשְׁרָה S TWOT GK] n.f. collection, mass, only (si vera l.) חַשְׁרַת־מַיִם 2 S 22:12 (חֶשְׁכַּת in || ψ 18:12).

†[חִשּׁוּר S TWOT GK] n.[m.] nave, hub of a wheel (which gathers in the spokes)—pl. sf. חִשֻּׁרֵיהֶם 1 K 7:33.

חשׁשׁ TWOT ( √ of foll.; cf. Arabic حَثَّ (ḥaṯṯa) hasten, hurry (trans.), حُثٌّ (ḥuṯṯun) particles of straw, sand, dust, as flying quickly about; v. Lag ⁴⁰).

†חֲשַׁשׁ S TWOT GK n.m. Is 5:24 chaff;—abs. תַּהֲרוּ ח׳ תִלְדוּ קַשׁ Is 33:11 ye conceive chaff, ye bring forth stubble (fig. of vain attempt of Assyrian); cstr. ח׳ לֶהָבָה יִרְפֶּח Is 5:24 (|| קַשׁ) as flaming chaff sinketh down (sim. of perishing of heedless Judahites).

חֻשָׁתִי S GK v. חושׁ

חַת S TWOT^, GK^, , חִתָּה S TWOT GK v. חתת.

†חֵת S TWOT GK n.pr.m. appar. represented as ancestor of the Hittites (etym. and meaning unknown; pronounced as from √ ע׳ע in Heb. & Assyrian, but not Egyptian; v. חִתִּי infr.)—‘begotten’ by Canaan Gn 10:15 (J) = 1 Ch 1:13; elsewhere only in combin. with כְּנֵי, בְּנוֹת; a. בְּנֵי־חֵת according to P lived at Mamre (Hebron), and one of them sold Abraham the cave of Machpelah for a sepulchre Gn 23:3, 5, 10⁽⁾, 16, 18, 20; 25:10; 49:32. b. בְּנוֹת(־)חֵת only of wives of Esau Gn 27:46⁽⁾ (P; G om. v b; || בְּנוֹת הָאָרֶץ = בְּנוֹת כְּנָ֑עַן 28:1).

†חִתִּי S TWOT GK adj. et n.gent. Hittite(s) (Egyptian Ḫ-tá, Ḫetá. W Max Müll^{Asien u. Europa, 319 ff.}; Assyrian Ḫatti, Schr ^{192 ff.} COT on Gn 10:19 Dl, ^{269 ff.}; Tel-el-Amarna Ḫatti, Ḫatta Bez^{Tel el Amarn. Brit. Mus. 150})—m. always c. art. הַחִתִּי Gn 23:10 Ex 3:8 +; f. חִתִּית Ez 16:3, 45; mpl. הַחִתִּים Jos 1:4 + 3 times; fpl. חִתִּיֹּת 1 K 11:1;— 1. adj., of seller of Machpelah to Abr., עֶפְרוֹן הַחִתִּי Gn 23:10; 49:29, 30; 50:13; עֶפְרֹן בֶּן־צֹחַר הַח׳ 25:9 (all P); of fathers of Esau’s wives בְּאֵרִי הַח׳ Gn 26:34; אֵילוֹן הַח׳ v 34; 36:2 (all P); also of warriors of David, אֲחִימֶלֶךְ הַח׳ 1 S 26:6, and especially אוּרִיָּה הַח׳ 2 S 11:3, 6, 17, 21, 24; 12:9, 10; 23:39 1 K 15:5 1 Ch 11:41; fs. = subst., only of (religious) ancestry of Jerus. Ez 16:3 thy father was the Amorite, and thy mother was a Hittite woman חִתִּית, similarly v 45; fpl.; = subst. of Sol.’s foreign wives, חִתִּיֹּת 1 K 11:1 Hittite women (+ מוֹאֲבִיּוֹת, עַמּוֹנִיּוֹת, אֲדֹמִיִּת, צֵדְנִיֹּת). 2. n. usually a. coll. הַחִתִּי the Hittites: in lists of Canaanitish peoples Gn 15:20 (JE), Ex 3:8, 17 (both J), 13:5, 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11 Nu 13:29 Jos 3:10 (all JE), Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 9:1; 12:8; 24:11 (all D); read also for הַחִוִּי Ju 3:3 (so We Mey Bu ³⁵⁰); in Jos 11:3 (D) del. הַחִתִּי We Mey Bu, and read then הַחִתִּי for הַחִוִּי v b (so G, not GL); further 1 K 9:20 = 2 Ch 8:7, Ezr 9:1 Ne 9:8. b. pl. הַחִתִּים: כֹּל אֶרֶץ הַחִתִּים Jos 1:4 (D) nearly = land of Canaanites; ארץ הַח׳ specif. of northern home of Hittites Ju 1:26; so also 2 S 24:6 where read אֶרֶץ הַחִתִּים קֵ֫דְשָׁה (for MT תחתים חָדְשִׁי, v. חַדְשִׁי, קֵדֶשׁ); מַלְכֵי הַחִתִּים 1 K 10:29 = 2 Ch 1:17 (both + מַלְכֵי אֲרָם), 2 K 7:6 ( + מַלְכֵי מִצְרַיִם, both feared by אֲרָם). Hence it appears that הַחִתִּי(ם) had their proper seat in the north—where also they were encountered by Assyrians from time of TP I (v. Schr Dl), and by Egyptians from time of Tutmes III v. W Max Müll).—(cf. also Ju 3:3 Jos 11:3 supr.), but that individual Hittites were known in Isr. (cf., besides 1 S 2:6 2 S 11:3 etc., 1 K 9:20 supr.); that the Hittites were regarded (by JED) as one of the peoples of Canaan, and that the name even came to be used in more gen. sense for Canaanites. Only in P do they appear as having a definite settlement in the south, and are designated by בְּנֵי־חֵת (v. חֵת), as well as by the adj. הַחתִּי.

†[חָתָה S TWOT GK] vb. snatch up, usually fire, coals (NH id.; T חֲתָא id. (rare); Assyrian ḫatû is destroy (i.e. snatch away?) v. SASmith ^{i. 90})—Qal Impf. יַחְתֶּה Pr 6:27; sf. יַחְתְּךָ ψ 52:7; Inf. cstr. לַחְתּוֹת Is 30:14; Pt. חֹתֶה Pr 25:22;—snatch up, c. acc. אֵשׁ מִיָּקוּד Is 30:14 to snatch up fire from a hearth (|| לַחְשֹׂף מים מִגֶּבֶא); אֵשׁ בְּחֵיקוֹ Pr 6:27 shall a man snatch up fire in his bosom and his garments not be burned? (in sim. of adulterer); pregn. seize (and put) upon גֶּחָלִים אַתָּה ח׳ על־רֹאשׁוֹ Pr 25:22; יַחְתְּךָ וְיִסָּֽחֲךָ מֵאֹ֑הֶל ψ 52:7 God … shall snatch thee away, and pluck thee up tent-less.

†יַ֫חַת S GK n.pr.m. (perhaps for יַחְתֶּה, יַחֲתֶה he (God) will snatch up)— 1. grandson of Judah 1 Ch 4:2⁽⁾, G Ιεθ, GL Ιαωθ. 2. Levites: a. 1 Ch 6:5, 28, G Ιεεθ, GL Ιααθ. b. 1 Ch 23:10, 11, G Ιεθ, GL Ιειηλ. c. 1 Ch 24:22, G Ιναθ, GL Ιααθ. d. 2 Ch 34:12, G Ιε(θ), GL Ιαεθ.

†מַ֫חַת S GK n.pr.m. (perhaps from מַחֲתֶה thing seized)—Levites: a. 1 Ch 6:20, G Μεθ, A Μααθ, GL Αμιωθ. b. 2 Ch 29:12; 31:13, G Μααθ, Μαεθ, GL Μααθ, Ααθ.

†מַחְתָּה S TWOT GK n.f. fire-holder, censer, snuff-dish;—abs. מ׳ Lv 16:12; Nu 17:11; sf. מַחְתָּתוֹ Lv 10:1 + 4 times; pl. abs. מַחְתּוֹת Nu 16:6 + 4 times; מַחְתֹּת Nu 16:17 + 3 times; cstr. מַחְתּוֹת Nu 17:3, 4; sf. מַחְתֹּתָיו Ex 27:3; מַחְתֹּתֶיהָ Ex 25:38 + 2 times;— 1. snuff-holder, snuff-dish Now ^{ii, 63. 65}) of gold Ex 25:38; 37:23 Nu 4:9 (all P). 2. bronze utensils, fire-pans, belonging to altar of burnt-offerings Ex 27:3; 38:3, cf. Nu 4:14 (all P); fire-pans of gold 1 K 7:50 = 2 Ch 4:22, 2 K 25:15 = Je 52:19. 3. censer, Lv 10:1; 16:12 Nu 16:6, 17⁽⁾, 18; 17:2, 3, 4 (of bronze), v 11 (all P).

חִתָּה S TWOT GK, חַתְחַת S TWOT GK v. sub חתת.

†[חָתַךְ S TWOT GK] vb. divide, determine (NH id., cut, cut off, decide, so Aramaic חתך Pa. Ethpa.)—only Niph. Pf. שָֽׁבֻעִים שִׁבְעִים נֶחְתַּךְ עַל־עַמְּךָ Dn 9:24 seventy weeks are determined upon thy people.

†[חָתַל S TWOT GK] vb. perhaps entwine, enwrap (poss. denom., so MV al.; yet cf. NH חוֹתָל woven date-basket)—Pu. Pf. 2 fs. חֻתָּֽלְתְּ and Hoph. Inf. abs. הָחְתֵּל be swathed, swaddled;—וְהָמְלֵחַ לֹא הֻמְלַ֫חַתְּ וְהָחְתֵּל לֹא חֻתָּֽלְתְּ Ez 16:4 and not at all wast thou rubbed with salt, and not at all wast thou swaddled, of Jerusalem under fig. of infant.

†[חֲתֻלָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. swadding-band (v. Ba ¹⁴⁶)—only בְּשׂוּמִז עָנָן לְבֻשׁוֹ וַעֲרָפֶל חֲתֻלָּתוֹ Jb 38:9 when I made cloud its garment, and thick darkness its swaddling-band, fig. of dark clouds enveloping the sea.

†חִתּוּל S TWOT GK n.[m.] bandage—ח׳ Ez 30:21, for broken arm (in fig. of Pharaoh’s broken arm).

†חֶתְלֹן n.pr.loc., on the extreme northern boundary of Isr. territory (in Ezek.’s conception), only דֶּרֶךְ(־)ח׳ Ez 47:15; 48:1; mod. Ḥeitela nearly two hours from sea-coast, according to Furrer ^{viii, 27}.

†[חָתַם S TWOT GK] vb. seal, affix seal, seal up (NH id.; Aramaic חֲתַם, ܚܬܰܡ (ḥtam); Ethiopic ኀተመ (ḫatama) Arabic خَتَمَ (ḫatama) (whence خَاتَمٌ (ḫātamun)) is loan-word according to Frä²⁵²)—Qal Impf. 3 ms. יַחְתֹּם Jb 9:7; 33:6, יַחְתּוֹם Jb 37:7, וַיַּחְתֹּם Est 8:10, etc.; Imv. חֲתֹם Dn 12:4, חֲתוֹם Is 8:16, חִתְמוּ Est 8:8; Inf. abs. חָתוֹם Je 32:44; cstr. לַחְתֹּם Dn 9:24, + v 24 Kt (Qr לְהָתֵם); Pt. act. חוֹתֵם Ez 28:12; pass. חָתוּם Dt 32:34 + 2 times, etc.;— 1. seal, affix one’s seal, in attestation; seal with king’s seal (בְּחֹתָמוֹ) 1 K 21:8, בְּטַבַּעַת המלך Est 8:8, 10; of covenant with י׳, attested by seal (pass.) Ne 10:1, 2; fig., of י׳ putting his seal upon (בְּ) discipline, i.e. ratifying it, Jb 33:16; perhaps also upon hand of man (that man may know י׳’s ways) 37:7 v. De; Di sub 2. seal up hand of man, so that he cannot work with it (in winter). 2. seal up, fasten up by sealing, a deed of sale Je 32:10, 11 (opp. הַגָּלוּי that which was left open), v 14, 44, a book of prophecy Dn 12:4 (|| סְתֹם הַדְּבָרים), cf. v 9 (|| id.), 9:24b; so in sim. of unintelligible prophecy Is 29:11⁽⁾; חֲתֹם תּוֹרָה בְּלִמֻּדָ֑י Is 8:16 seal up the teaching among my disciples, i.e. keep it securely (|| צוֹר); of י׳’s remembrance of offences חָתוּם בְּאוֹצְרֹתָ֑י Dt 32:34 (|| כָּמֻס עִמָּדִי), so חָתוּם בִּצְרוֹר פִּשְׁעִי Jb 14:17 (|| וַתִּטְפֹּל עַל־עֲוֹנִי); מַעְיָן חָתוּם Ct 4:12 a fountain sealed up, metaph. of chaste woman (|| נָעוּל (גַּל) גַּן); וּבְעַד כּוֹכָבִים יַח׳ Jb 9:7 and about the stars he putteth a seal (|| of forbidding sun to rise).—אַתָּה חוֹתֵם תָּכְנִית Ez 28:12 is obscure: thou wast one sealing proportion, i.e. perfection,—wast complete perfection, Ges Sm.; wast a sealer of symmetry v. Da; wast a seal (ring)—i.e. חוֹתַם cstr.—of proportion Codd. G B Hi cf. Ew; text perhaps corrupt, v. suggestions in Co.—Dn 9:24a read Qr לְהָתֵם (v. תמם). Jb 33:16; 37:7 v. sub 1. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. [or Pt.?] נִכְתָּ֔ב וְנֶחְתָּ֔ם Est 3:12 (it was) written and sealed בְּטַבַּעַת הַמֶּלֶךְ; Inf. abs. וְנַחְתּוֹם Est 8:8 (continuing pt. נִכְתָּ֣ב) also + בְּטַבַּעַת הַמּ׳; both pass. of Qal 1. Pi. Pf. 3 pl. יוֹמָם הִתְּמוּ־לָמוֹ Jb 24:16 lit. by day they seal up for themselves, i.e. according to most, they shut themselves up, do not shew themselves (|| לֹא יָדְעוּ אוֹר); GC has ἡμέρας ἐσφράγισαν ἐαυτοῖς (B al. ἑαυτους), whence Siegf conj. plausibly יָמִים ח׳ ל׳ they seal up the days unto themselves, i.e. daytime is for them sealed up and unused. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. אוֹ־הֶחְתִּים בְּשָׂרוֹ מִזּוֹבוֹ Lv 15:3 or hath his flesh (genital organ) shewn stoppage by reason of his flux.

†i. חֹתָם S TWOT GK, חוֹתָם S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. Jb 41:7 seal, signet-ring (Aramaic ܚܳܬܡܳܐ (ḥotmo); Ethiopic ማኅተም (māḫtam)—v. Lag ¹¹⁶)—abs. חֹתָם Ex 28:11 + 2 times; חוֹתָם Je 22:24 + 8 times; sf. חֹתָֽמְךָ Gn 38:18, חֹתָמוֹ 1 K 21:8;—on supposed cstr. חוֹתַם v. foregoing;—seal, signet-ring, hung by a cord (פָּתִיל) about the neck Gn 38:18 (J; = חֹתֶמֶת v 25), or (later?) worn on (finger of) right hand Je 22:24, (Benz. ¹⁰⁶); the two customs appar. combined Ct 8:6 (עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ, עַל־זְרוֹעֶךָ); used to attest a royal missive 1 K 21:8 (instr. of vb. חתם); a precious article Hg 2:23 (sim. of Zerubbabel); פִּתּוּחֵי ח׳ engravings of a seal, as model for cutting names and inscr. on precious stones and gold plate Ex 28:11, 21, 26; 39:6, 14, 30 (all P; v. Benz^{258 ff.}); חֹמֶר ח׳ Jb 38:14 = clay of (under) a signet; ח׳ צָ֑ר 41:7 a close signet, i.e. one that is closely pressed down, sim. of closely joined (סָגוּר) scales of crocodile.

†ii. חוֹתָם S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. 1. man of Asher 1 Ch 7:32 G Χωθαν(μ) ( = הֶלֶם v 35; A Ελαμ, GL Ιασουλ). 2. father of two of David’s heroes 1 Ch 11:44, G Κωθαν, GL Χωθαν.

חֹתֶ֫מֶת S TWOT GK n.f. signet-ring—only הַח׳ Gn 38:25 (J; for i. חֹתָם v 18) the signet-ring (according to Bö ^{i, 23} fem. coll. the sealing-apparatus).

i. חתן TWOT (√ of foll.; prob. circumcise; cf. Arabic خَتَنَ (ḫatana) circumcise, خِتَانٌ (ḫitānun) circumcision, circumcision-feast).

†חֹתֵן S TWOT^, GK n.verb. 1. m. wife’s father (Arabic خَاتِنٌ (ḫātinun) a circumciser, hence father-in-law, with ref. to circumcision performed on young men just before marriage; خَتَنٌ (ḫatanun) relation on wife’s side; v. We ^{1886, 355 Anm. 1; iii, 154} Sta ^{1886, 143 Anm.} Nö ^{1886, 187}; otherwise Dl ⁹¹ Lag ¹¹⁶)—cstr. חֹתֵן Ex 18:1 + 9 times, חֹתֶנְךָ Ex 18:6, חֹתְנוֹ Ex 3:1 + 9 times;—usually of Moses’ wife’s father Ex 3:1; 4:18; 18:1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12⁽⁾, 14, 15, 17, 24, 27 (all E), Nu 10:29 (J), Ju 1:16; 4:11; of a Levite Ju 19:4, 7, 9. 2. f. wife’s mother, only sf. חֹתַנְתּוֹ Dt 27:23.

†חָתָן S TWOT GK n.m. daughter’s husband, bridegroom (as one who undergoes circumcision, v. supr.; NH id.; Aramaic חַתְנָא, and ܚܰܬܢܳܐ (ḥatno) (also sister’s husband, etc.); vulg.Ar. خَتَنٌ (ḫatanun) daughter’s husband, then more gen. wife’s and husband’s relations; Sab. (Liḥyân) חֿתן daughter’s husband DHM ⁸⁷; Assyrian ḫatanu, daughter’s husband COT)—abs. ח׳ 1 S 18:18 + 10 times + Gn 19:12 (where read חֲתָנֶיךָ G Ol Di); cstr. חֲתַן Ex 4:25 + 4 times; sf. חֲתָנוֹ Ju 19:5; חֲתָנָיו Gn 19:14⁽⁾;— 1. in relation to a father, daughter’s husband, or bridegroom Gn 19:12, 14 (ח׳ לֹקְחֵי בְּנֹתָיו), v 14 (all J), Ju 15:6; 19:5 1 S 18:18; 22:14 Ne 6:18; 13:28; v. also חֲתַן בֵּית אַחְאָב 2 K 8:27 son-in-law of the house of Ahab, said of Ahaziah was the daughter of Ahab. 2. in relation to the bride, bridegroom ח׳ דָּמִים אַתָּה לִי Ex 4:25 a bloody bridegroom art thou to me, cf. v 26 (J; on this v. We ^{1886, 355}); || כַּלָּה Je 7:34; 16:9; 25:10; 33:11 Jo 2:16; in sim. of י׳’s work for and delight in his people Is 61:10; 62:5; of sun ψ 19:6.

†ii. [חתן TWOT] vb.denom. only Hithp. make oneself a daughter’s husband (NH Hithp. id., Aramaic Ithpa. id.)—Pf. 2 mpl. וְהִתְחַתַּנְתֶּם consec. Jos 23:12; Impf. וַיִּתְחַתֵּן 1 K 3:1 2 Ch 18:1; 2 m. תִּתְחַתֵּן Dt 7:3 1 S 18:21; Imv. הִתְחַתֵּן 1 S 18:22, הִתְחַתְּנוּ Gn 34:9; Inf. הִתְחַתֵּן 1 S 18:23 + 3 times;— 1. make oneself daughter’s husband (son-in-law) to, c. בְּ 1 S 18:21, 22, 23, 26, 27; c. אֶת 1 K 3:1; c. לְ 2 Ch 18:1, of marriage of Jehoshaphat’s son and Ahab’s daughter (cf. 2 K 8:18 = 2 Ch 21:6). 2. in gen. form marriage-alliance with, c. בְּ Dt 7:3 Jos 23:12 (D), Ezr 9:14; c. אֶת Gn 34:9 (P).

†[חֲתֻנָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. marriage, wedding (NH חִיתּוּן id.; Aramaic חִיתּוּנָא id.; Arabic خُتُونَةٌ (ḫutūnatun) marriage-alliance, marriage)—only בְּיוֹם חֲתֻנָּתו Ct 3:11 on the day of his marriage.

†[חָתַף S TWOT GK] vb. seize, snatch away (cf. Aramaic ܚܰܬܶܦ (ḥatep) Pa. break in pieces; Arabic حَتْفٌ (ḥatfun) death)—Qal Impf. no obj. expr. הֵן יַחְתֹּף וּמִי יְשִׁיבֶנּוּ Jb 9:12 lo! he seizeth, and who shall repulse back?

†חֶ֫תֶף S TWOT GK n.[m.] prey—only אַף־הִיא כְּחֶ׳ תֶּאֱרֹב Pr 23:18 she also lieth in wait as for prey (said of strange woman).

†חָתַר S TWOT GK vb. dig, row (NH id., bore (through), so Aramaic חֲתַר T (rare))—Qal Pf. ח׳ Jb 24:16, חָתַרְתִּי Ez 12:7; Impf. וָאֶחְתֹּר Ez 8:8 יַחְתְּרוּ Ez 12:12 Am 9:2, וַיַּחְתְּרוּ Jon 1:13; Imv. חֲתָר־ Ez 8:8; 12:5;— 1. dig into houses, c. acc. בָּתִּים Jb 24:16 (of burglary); sq. בְּ into or through a wall Ez 8:8⁽⁾ (Co del. on intern. grounds), 12:5, 7, 12; metaph. sq. בשׁאול Am 9:2 dig into Sh^e˒ôl, i.e. as a refuge. 2. row (as digging into the water) Jon 1:13.

†מַחְתֶּ֫רֶת S TWOT GK n.m. breaking in, burglary—אִם־בַּמּ׳ יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב Ex 22:1 i.e. caught in the act (JE); so לֹא בַּמּ׳ מְצָאתִים Je 2:34, not in the act of breaking in didst thou find them (2 fs. sf. Ges ^{44, 2, R 4}), i.e. those whom thou hast slain were not detected in crime.

†[חָתַת S TWOT GK] vb. be shattered, dismayed (Assyrian ḫattu, terror, Dl ²⁹⁶; Talm. חִתִּית id.; Ethiopic ሐተተ (ḥatata) is scrutari, examinare, v. Di^{Lex. 105})—Qal Pf. 3 ms. חַת Je 50:2; 3 fs. חַ֫תָּה Je 14:4 + 2 times, וָחָ֑תָּה Je 48:1; 3 pl. חַ֫תּוּ Is 37:27 + 4 times, וְחַתּ֫וּ consec. Is 20:5 + 2 times, וָחָ֑תּוּ consec. Je 50:36; Impf. (Kö^{. 366}) יֵחַת Is 7:8; 30:31, יֵחַ֑ת Jb 39:22, יֵחָ֑ת Is 31:4, אֵחַ֫תָּה Je 17:18, יֵחַ֫תּוּ 1 S 2:10 + 3 times—On יֵחַ֑תּוּ Jb 21:13 v. נָחַת;—תֵּחָ֑תּוּ Jos 10:25 + 2 times, etc.; Imv. וָחֹ֫תּוּ Is 8:9⁽⁾;— 1. be shattered, broken, fig. of nations under divine judgment Is 7:8; 30:31; so prob. also Is 8:9⁽⁾ (but del. in v a), and perhaps (of י׳’s foes in gen.) 1 S 2:10 (song;—others render dismayed in all except Is 7:8); fig. of י׳’s righteousness Is 51:6 ( = be abolished, annihilated); lit. of bows Je 51:56, according to Gie’s reading חַתָּה v. Pi. 2. be dismayed, usually a. abs.: | יָרֵא Dt 1:21; 31:8 Jos 8:1; 10:25 (all D), 1 S 17:11 Je 23:4; 30:10; 46:27 Ez 2:6; 3:9 1 Ch 22:13; 28:20 2 Ch 20:15, 17; 32:7; || בּוֹשׁ Is 20:5; 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 Je 8:9; 17:18⁽⁾; 48:1, 20, 39; 50:2⁽⁾ (others assign 48:20, 39; 50:2⁽⁾ to 1); fig. of the ground הָאֲדָמָה, dismayed for lack of rain Je 14:4 (|| בּוֹשׁ of the husband-men); in Je 14:4 read prob. with Du (after G) Co Dr וְעֹבְדֵי הא׳ חַתּוּ. ||ערץ Jos 1:9 no || Je 50:36 Ob 9 Jb 32:15; 39:22. b. be dismayed at, sq. מִן Is 31:4, 9; 51:7 (|| יָרֵא) Je 1:17; 10:2⁽⁾. Niph. Pf. only 3 ms. וּמִפְּנֵי שְׁמִי נִחַח Mal 2:5 and at my name he is put in awe (|| יָרֵא). Pi. Pf. dismay, scare, 2 ms. sf. וְחִתַּתַּ֫נִי בַחֲלֹמוֹת (Kö^{. 372}) consec. Jb 7:14 and thou scarest me with dreams (|| בִּעֵת); 3 fs. חִתְּתָה Je 51:56 (of bows) is intrans. [inchoat. Ew ^{120, 2 d}], Gf. al., be shattered, but text prob. erron. Gie חַתָּה (v. Qal 1). Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הַחִתֹּתָ Is 9:3; 1 s. וְהַחְתַּתִּ֫י Je 49:37 (Kö^{. 372}); Impf. 3 ms. sf. יְחִתֵּנִי Jb 31:34, sf. 3 fpl. יְחִיתַ֑ן Hb 2:17 (Kö^{. 374}; but G T S Ew Ol Sta We יְחִתֶּ֑ךָ); 1 s. sf. אֲחִתְּךָ Je 1:17 (sq. לפניהם).— 1. shatter c. acc. Is 9:3. 2. a. cause to be dismayed Je 49:37 sq. לִפְנֵי. b. dismay, terrify, sq. sf. Jb 31:34 Hb 2:17.

†i. [חַת S TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. Gn 9:2 terror, fear—חָ֑ת Jb 41:25, חִתְּכֶם Gn 9:2;—c. sf. as obj. gen., Gn 9:2 terror of you (|| מוֹרַאֲכֶם); in description of crocodile c. neg., הֶעָשׂוּ לִבְלִי־חָ֑ת Jb 41:25 one made for fearlessness.

†ii. [חַת S TWOT^, GK^, ] adj. shattered, dismayed—mpl. חַתִּים:— 1. shattered קֶשֶׁת גִּבֹּרִים ח׳ 1 S 2:4 (song; on pl. חַתִּים v. Dr); so fig. Ez 32:30 according to G Codd. Co (חַתִּים for MT חִתִּיתָם) broken in their might, of Sidonians in She˒ôl. 2. dismayed Je 46:5 of Egyptians defeated by Nebuchadrezzar.

†i. חֲתַת S^, TWOT GK^, n.[m.] terror—only תִּרְאוּ ח׳ וַתִּירָ֑אוּ Jb 6:21 (> Baer תִּֽירְאוּ for תִּרְאוּ) ye see a terror, and fear (note paronomasia in Heb.; v. Di).

†[חִתָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. terror—חִתַּת אלהים עַל־הֶעָרִים Gn 35:5 a terror of ( = from) God was upon the cities.

†ii. חֲתַת S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.m. son of Othniel and grandson of Kenaz (brother of Caleb), חֲתַ֑ת 1 Ch 4:13.

†[חַתְחַת S TWOT GK] n.[m.] terror, only pl. חַתְחַתִּים בַּדֶּרֶךְ Ec 12:5 terrors are in the way (|| ירא).

חִתִּית S TWOT GK n.f. terror, only Ezek.; abs. ח׳ Ez 32:23, but Co reads חִתִּיתָם (with G and v 24, 26); cstr. id. 32:27; sf. חתיתו 32:32 Kt (> חִתִּיתִי Qr); חִתִּיתָם 32:24 + 2 times + 26:17 (read חִתִּיתָהּ, with G Ew Co, see VB, 32:30 (read חַתִּים, v. ii. חת);—terror, caused by powerful cities, nations, kings, etc.: usually c. sf. as obj. genit. Ez 26:17 (of Tyre); elsewhere only Ez 32: v 27 (ח׳ גִּבּוֹרִים, S Co ח׳ גבור תם), v 30 (חִתִּיתָם, but read חַתִּים, v. supr.); especially in phr. נָתַן ח׳ בארץ חַיִּים cause one’s terror (terror of oneself) in the land of the living v 23, 24, 25 (del. G Co), v 26, 32.—חִתִּית Ez 16:3, 45 v. חִתִּי sub חֵת supr. p. 366.

†מְחִתָּה S TWOT GK n.f. terror, destruction, ruin, poet. (especially Pr)—abs. מ׳ Pr 10:14 + 8 times; cstr. מְחִתַּת Pr 10:15; 14:28;— 1. a. terror, Is 54:14 (|| עֹשֶׁק), Je 17:17; = obj. of terror, 48:39 (|| שְׂחֹק). b. dismay, Pr 21:15 (opp. שִׂמְחָה). 2. ruin, of strongholds ψ 89:41; בְּאֶפֶם לְאֹם מ׳ רָזוֹן Pr 14:28 without people is ruin to a prince (opp. הַדְרַת־מֶלֶךְ); מ׳ דַּלִּים רֵישָׁם 10:15 the ruin of the poor (is) their poverty; as consequence of evil-doing מ׳ לְפֹעֲלֵי אָזֶן Pr 10:29 (opp. מָעוֹז); of fools פִּי כְסִיל מ׳־לוֹ 18:7, cf. 13:3 (opp. שֹׁמֵר נַפְשׁוֹ); פִּי אֱוִיל מ׳ קְרֹבָה 10:14 the mouth of a fool is imminent ruin.

חֵת S TWOT GK, חִתִּי S TWOT GK v. supr. p. 366.