†I. [נָפַץ S TWOT GK^, ] vb. shatter (NH id., dash, beat; Assyrian napâṣu, shatter, destroy Dl ⁴⁷⁵; T נְפַע Pa. shatter, but also נְפַץ Pa., id., Syriac ܢܦܰܨ (npaṣ) shake, break, so Mand., Nö ^{240, and xxxii (1878), 406});—Qal Inf. abs. וְנָפוֹץ c. acc. Ju 7:19 and a shattering ( = and shattered) the jars; Pt. pass. עֶצֶב נִבְוֶה נָפוּץ Je 22:28 (fig.) a vessel to be despised (and) shattered (cf. Ew Gie Rothstein ); also Pt. act. נֹפֵץ shatterer of the holy people Dn 12:7 (Bev Marti, reading כִּכְלוֹת יַד נֹפֵץ). Pi. dash to pieces: Pf. 3 ms. וְנִפֵּץ consec. ψ 137:9 c. acc. infants ag. (אֶל) rock; 1 s. וְנִפַּצְתִּ֫י of י׳ dashing all in pieces with (ב) Babyl. as war-club Je 51:20, 21⁽⁾, 22⁽⁾ 23⁽⁾; sf. וְנִפַּצְתִּים אִיּשׁ אֶל־אָחִיו 13:14; Impf. 2 ms. sf. כִּכְלִי יוֹצֵר תְּנַפְּצֵם ψ 2:9 (i.e. nations); 3 mpl. נִבְלֵיהֶם יְנַפֵּ֑צוּ Je 48:12 (symbol. of destroying Moab); Inf. נַפֵּץ יַד־עַם־קֹדֶשׁ Dn 12:7 when (they) finish shattering the hand (fig. for power) of the holy people, but read poss. נֹפֵץ, v. Qal.; = break up rafts 1 K 5:23. Pu. Pt. fpl. מְנֻפָּצוֹת Is 27:9 like chalk-stones pulverized.

†נֶ֫פֶץ S TWOT GK n.[m.] driving storm (lit. bursting of clouds, Che), נ׳ וָזֶרֶם וְאֶבֶן בָּרָד Is 30:30 (theoph).

†[מַפָּץ S TWOT GK] n.[m.] shattering;—כְּלִי מַפָּצוֹ Ez 9:2 with his shattering-weapon in his hand.

†מַפֵּץ S TWOT GK n.m. war-club (lit. a shatterer);—מַפֵּץ־אַתָּה לִיּ Je 51:20 a war-club art thou to me (י׳ addressing Babylon, cf. Gf Gie); s. מֵפִיץ.

†II. נָפַץ S TWOT GK^, vb. disperse, be scattered (often taken as secondary √ from Niph. of פוץ, yet cf. NH נפץ, Qal (Pt.), Pi., scatter; Syriac ܢܦܰܨ (npaṣ) pour out, throw down, T נְפַץ; Arabic نَفَضَ (nafaḍa) shake (irreg. correspondence of sibilants cf. Nö), Ethiopic ነፍጸ (nafṣa) dissipari, aufugere Di ⁷¹³);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. נ׳ הָעָם מֵעָלַי 1 S 13:11 the people were scattered from me; 3 fs. נָֽפְצָה כָל־הָאָרֶץ Gn 9:19 (J) thence dispersed all (the population of) the earth; 3 pl. נָֽפְצוּ גּוֹוִם Is 33:3 nations were scattered; Pt. pass. fpl. cstr. נְפֻצוֹת יְהוּדָה Is 11:12 the dispersed of Judah (|| נִדְחֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל)—v. I. [פּוּץ] for 2 S 18:8.

נפשׁ (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic نَفَسٌ (nafasun) soul, life, person, living being, blood, desire, نَفَسٌ (nafasun) breath, sweet odour, نَفُسَ (nafusa) be high in estimation, become avaricious; iii. desire a thing, aspire to it, v. breathe, sigh. Assyrian napâšu, get breath, be broad, extended; napištu, life, less frequently soul, living being, person. Vbs. appar. denom.; nouns in all Semitic languages: Ph. נפש, CIS ^{i. 86, 5}, Ethiopic ነፍስ (nafs); in the foll. = both soul, person, and tombstone, monument (as representing person, v. especially Duval ^{Rev. Sémit. ii (1894), 259 ff.}): NH נפשׁ v. Levy ^{xii (1858), 215}; Old Aramaic נפש, Nab. Palm. נפש, v. Lzb³²⁵ Cook⁸²; Syriac ܢܰܦܫܳܐ (napšo), v. 1 Macc 13:27, 28; Sab. נפס Levy-Os ^{xix (1865), 255.290} Mordtm ^{ib. xxxii (1878), 202} cf. Lih\yan, DHM ⁶⁷, Min. Hom ¹²⁸).

נֶ֫פֶשׁ S TWOT GK₇₅₆ n.f. Gn 49:6 (so even Gn 2:19 Nu 31:28 1 K 19:2 v. Albr ^{xvi (1896), 42} SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Ecclus 3:18; 4:1⁽⁾, 2⁽⁾ 13:12; 14:11);—נ׳ Gn 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Gn 37:21 +; sf. נַפְשִׁי Gn 12:13 +; pl. נְפָשׁוֹת Ez 13:18 + 13 times; נְפָשֹׁת Ex 12:4 Lv 27:2; cstr. נַפְשׁוֹת Gn 36:6 + 4 times; נַפְשֹׁת Lv 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ez 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, v Co Berthol Toy); sf. נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 S 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Nu 17:3 +: —

1. = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man: a. disting. from בָּשָׂר: מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Is 10:18; הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Dt 12:23; from שְׁאֵר Pr 11:17; from בֶּטֶן body ψ 31:10. b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֹ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֹ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Jb 14:22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; cf. ψ 42:5, 7; 131:2 Jb 30:16 La 3:20 [v. עַל 1 d], all poetical (cf. 6 c). c. נ׳ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְהִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה Gn 35:18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Je 15:9 she breathed out her soul, cf. 1 K 17:21, 22 Jb 11:20; 31:39. d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from She˒ôl ψ 16:10; 30:4; 49:16; 86:13; 89:49 Pr 23:14; from שַׁחַת, the pit of She˒ôl, Is 38:17 Jb 33:18, 22, 28, 30.

2. The נפשׁ becomes a living being: by God’s breathing נשׁמת חיים into the nostrils of its בשׂר; of man Gn 2:7 (J); by implication of animals also Gn 2:19 (J); so ψ 104:29, 30 cf. 66:9 man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being Gn 2:7 (J); elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה always of animals Gn 1:20, 24, 30; 9:12, 15, 16 (all P), Ez 47:9; so נפשׁ החיּה Gn 1:21; 9:10 (both P), Lv 11:10, 46 (H); נפשׁ השׁרצת Lv 11:46 (H); נפשׁ כל חי Jb 12:10. נפשׁ is frequently used with the verb חיה: †וחיתה נפשׁ Gn 12:13; 19:20 (both J), 1 K 20:32 (E), ψ 119:175 Je 38:17, 20; †חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 S 1:26; 17:55; 20:3; 25:26 2 S 11:11; 14:19 2 K 2:2, 4, 6; 4:30 (all JE); cf. †יְחַיֶּה נ׳ 1 K 20:31 (E), Ez 18:27 ψ 22:30; also Gn 19:19 Is 55:3 Pr 3:22.

3. The נפשׁ (without חיה noun or verb) is specif.: a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic We ^{iii. 217} G. Jacob ^{iv. 9 f.}] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), Dt 12:23, 24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; that is enlarged in H, Lv 17:10, 11, 12, 14 and in P Gn 9:4, 5, cf. Je 2:34. b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2 S 1:9 Je 4:10 Jon 2:6 ψ 69:2; 124:4, 5 Jb 27:3. c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 times, of animals Pr 12:10, and of man Gn 44:30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life Ex 21:23 (E), Lv 24:18 (H), 1 K 20:39, 42 2 K 10:24; נפשׁנו תחתיכם Jos 2:14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ Dt 19:21; בנפשׁ for the life of 2 S 14:7 Jon 1:14; שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one’s own hand Ju 12:3 1 S 19:5; 28:21 Jb 13:14; חרף נפשׁו למות Ju 5:18 risked his life to die; †בנפשׁ at the risk of life Nu 17:3 (P), 2 S 23:17 = 1 Ch 11:19⁽⁾, 1 K 2:23 Pr 7:23 La 5:9; †בקּשׁ נפשׁ Ex 4:19 (J), 1 S 20:1; 22:23⁽⁾ 23:15; 25:29 2 S 4:8; 16:11 1 K 19:10, 14 Je 4:30; 11:21; 19:7, 9; 21:7; 22:25; 34:20, 21; 38:16; 44:30⁽⁾ 46:26; 49:37 ψ 35:4; 38:13; 40:15; 54:5; 63:10; 70:3; 86:14 Pr 29:10; †שׁאל נ׳ 1 K 3:11 = 2 Ch 1:11, 1 K 19:4 = Jon 4:8; †הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally Gn 37:21 (J), Dt 19:6, 11 Je 40:14, 15; †לקח נ׳ 1 K 19:4 Jon 4:3 ψ 31:14 Pr 1:19; †הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Jos 2:13 ψ 33:19; 56:14; †מלּט נפשׁ 1 S 19:11 2 S 19:6⁽⁾ 1 K 1:12⁽⁾ Je 48:6; 51:6, 45 Ez 33:5 Am 2:14, 15 ψ 89:49; 116:4; †נ׳ פדה 2 S 4:9 1 K 1:29 ψ 34:23; 49:16; 55:19; 71:23; †שׁמר נ׳ ψ 25:20; 97:10 Jb 2:6 Pr 13:3; 16:17; 19:16; 22:5.

4. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself: a. paraphrase for pers. pron. especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 times; (1) נַּפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי Gn 49:6 let me not enter (poem in J); תָּמֹת נ׳ מות ישׁרים Nu 23:10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי Ju 16:30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי La 3:24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Is 43:4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ 51:23. (3) נַפְשׁוֹ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין ψ 25:13 he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֹר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּת יוֹקְשִׁים ψ 124:7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Is 46:2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Is 3:9. b. = reflexive, self, 53 times: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself Nu 30:3, 5⁽⁾, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; לְעַנֹּת נ׳ Nu 30:14 to afflict oneself. (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נ׳ Jb 9:21 Ct 6:12 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: שׁמר נ׳ Dt 4:9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֹ = himself: אהב כנ׳ 1 S 18:1, 3; 20:17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: צדּקה נ׳ Je 3:11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: הציל נ׳ deliver themselves Is 47:14 Ez 14:14, 20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: אַל־תַּשִּׁאוּ נ׳ Je 37:9 deceive not yourselves, also 42:20; 44:7; ענּה נ׳ Lv 16:29, 31; 23:27, 32 Nu 29:7 (P); נשׁמרתם לנ׳ Dt 4:15 Jos 23:11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֹתֵינוּ = ourselves: על נ׳ Je 26:19 against ourselves. c. = person of man, individual, 144 times, first in D; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) c. אָדָם: נ׳ אדם Lv 24:17 opp. נ׳ בהמה 24:18 (both H), and so נ׳ אדם human persons Nu 31:35, 40, 46 (P) 1 Ch 5:21 Ez 27:13. Elsewhere without אדם: נ׳ ברכה Pr 11:25 one who blesses; נ׳ רְמִיָּה Pr 19:15 idle person; נ׳ תחת נ׳ person in place of person, Jb 16:4; כפּר על נ׳ Ex 30:15, 16 Nu 15:28; 31:50 (all P) Lv 17:11 (H). †(2) נפשׁ = person, any one: Dt 24:7; 27:25 Pr 28:17 Ez 18:4⁽⁾ 33:6; elsewhere only H P: Lv 2:1; 4:2, 27; 5:1, 2, 4, 15, 17, 21; 7:18, 20, 21, 25, 27; 23:29, 30⁽⁾ Nu 5:6, 15:27, 30; 19:22; 31:19, 28; 35:11, 15, 30⁽⁾ Jos 20:3, 9 (all P), Lv 17:10, 12, 15; 20:6⁽⁾ 22:6, 11 (all H); נכרתה הנ׳ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in Gn 17:14 Ex 12:15, 19; 31:14 Lv 7:20, 21, 27 Nu 9:13; 15:30, 31; 19:13, 20 (all P), Lv 19:8; 22:3 (both H). †(3) נפשׁ coll. for persons, in enumerations: Dt 10:22 Jos 10:28, 30, 32, 35, 37⁽⁾, 39; 11:11 (all D) Je 43:6; 52:29, 30⁽⁾ Ez 22:25; elsewhere only Gn 12:5; 46:15, 18, 22, 25, 26⁽⁾, 27⁽⁾ Ex 1:5⁽⁾; 12:16 Nu 31:35, 40 (all P). †(4) נְפָשׁוֹת persons Gn 36:6 Ex 12:4; 16:16 Nu 19:18 (all P), Lv 18:29; 20:25; 27:2 (all H), 2 K 12:5 Pr 11:30; 14:25 Ez 13:18⁽⁾; 19⁽⁾; 20⁽⁾; 17:17; 18:4; 22:27 (נפשׁים 13:20 v. supr.). †(5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes c. מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת Nu 6:6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (G S נֶפֶשׁ) Lv 21:11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם Nu 9:6, 7; 19:11, 13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, Lv 19:28; 21:1; 22:4 (all H) Nu 5:2; 6:11; 9:10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2:13.

5. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 times)—a. hunger: נ׳ רְעֵבָה hungry soul ψ 107:9 Pr 27:7; with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Is 56:11; 58:10 Je 50:19 Ez 7:19 ψ 63:6; 107:9 Pr 13:25; 27:7; מתוק לנ׳ Pr 16:24 sweet to the taste. b. thirst: נ׳ עֲיֵפָה weary soul Pr 25:25 Je 31:25; נ׳ כארץ עיפה ψ 143:6; צמאה נ׳ ψ 42:3; 63:2. c. appetite in general: אֹיְבַי בנ׳ יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ψ 17:9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֹל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Is 5:14 She˒ôl enlarged her appetite, etc., cf. Hb 2:5; Pr 23:2 בַּעַל נֶעַשׁ; Ec uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Ec 2:24; 4:8; 6:2, 3, 7, 9; 7:28.

6. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions (151 times)—a. desire: †אִוְּתָה נ׳ soul desires Dt 12:20; 14:26 1 S 2:16 2 S 3:21 1 K 11:37 Jb 23:13 Pr 13:4; 21:10 Mi 7:1; תַּאֲוַת נ׳ ψ 10:3 Is 26:8; †אַוַּת נ׳ Dt 12:15, 20, 21; 18:6 1 S 23:20 Je 2:24; so also לנפשׁ according to one’s desire Dt 21:14 ψ 78:18 Je 34:16; כנפשׁ Dt 23:25; האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire ψ 35:25; בנפשׁ at one’s desire ψ 105:22 Ez 16:27; נ׳ יָֽצְאָה בְדַבְּרוֹ Ct 5:6; †נשׂא נ׳ lift up the soul, desire Dt 24:15 2 S 14:14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), ψ 24:4; 25:1; 86:4; 143:8 Pr 19:8 Je 22:27; 44:14 Ho 4:8. †b. abhorrence, loathing: געלה נ׳ soul abhorreth Lv 26:11, 15, 30, 43 (H) Je 14:19; וגם נ׳ בחלה בי Zc 11:8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me. c. sorrow and distress: †מרי נ׳ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Ju 18:25 (E) 2 S 17:8 Jb 3:20 Pr 31:6; †מר נ׳ 1 S 22:2 cf. Jb 7:11; 10:1 Is 38:15 Ez 27:31; עָֽגְמָה נ׳ Jb 30:25 grieved; אגמי נ׳ sad of soul Is 19:10; תבכה נ׳ my soul shall weep Je 13:17; נ׳ ירעה his soul trembleth Is 15:4; צרת נ׳ distress of soul Gn 42:21 (E). †d. joy: נ׳ תגיל my soul rejoiceth ψ 35:9 Is 61:10; שׂמּח נ׳ rejoice the soul ψ 86:4; also ψ 94:19; 138:3 Pr 29:17. †e. love: אהבה נ׳ my soul loveth Ct 1:7; 3:1, 2, 3, 4; יְדִדוּת נ׳ darling of my soul Je 12:7; דבקה נ׳ ב׳ his soul clave unto Gn 34:3 (J), c. אחרי ψ 63:9; חשׁקה נ׳ ב׳ soul is attached to Gn 34:8 (P). f. alienation, hatred, revenge: †תֵּקַע נ׳ מן the soul is alienated from Je 6:8 Ez 23:17, 18; נקעה נ׳ מן Ez 23:18, 22, 28; שְׂנֻאי נ׳ hated of soul 2 S 5:8 (Qr); שׂנאה נ׳ ψ 11:5 Is 1:14. g. other emotions and feelings: השׁיב נ׳ bring back soul La 1:11, 19 (i.e. revive, cf. c. שׁוּב 1 K 17:21 f.), hence fig. refresh, cheer, v 16 ψ 19:8 Pr 25:13 Ru 4:15; שׁובב נ׳ ψ 23:3; מַחְמַל נ׳ your souls’ compassion Ez 24:21; קצרה נ׳ soul was impatient Nu 21:4 (E), Ju 10:16; 16:16 Zc 11:8; כי אאריך נ׳ that I should prolong my patience Jb 6:11; ידעתם את־נ׳ הגר ye know the feeling of the stranger Ex 23:9 (R).

7. נפשׂ is used occasionally for mental acts + לבב (see 10); poss. also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, exx. may be otherwise explained: נפשׁי ידעת מאד ψ 139:14 my soul knoweth well (or I know well; cf. 4 a); בלא דעת נ׳ לא טוב Pr 19:2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but RV desire without knowledge, cf. 6 a); דעה חכמה לנ׳ Pr 24:14 know wisdom for thy soul (or according to thy desire, cf. 6 a); אל תדמי בנ׳ Est 4:13 think not in thy soul (or in thyself, cf. 4 b); כמו שׁער בג׳ Pr 23:7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but RV in himself, cf. 4 b); מה תאמר נ׳ 1 S 20:4 (but AV RV foll. G ἐπιθυμεῖ = תְּאַוֶּה; v. 6 a).

8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.: אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (את) if it is your purpose Gn 23:8 (P) 2 K 9:15 (or if it is your desire, 6 a); בחרה נ׳ my soul chooseth Jb 7:15; מאנה נ׳ my soul refuseth Jb 6:7 ψ 77:3; נ׳ חפצה their soul delighteth in Is 66:3; נ׳ רצתה my soul delighteth in Is 42:1; (all perhaps emotional, 6 b, d, g).

9. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.: לֹא־יָֽשְׁרָה נ׳ בּוֹ Hb 2:4 his soul is not right in him (but G οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [εὐδοκεῖ = רצתה], v. 6); נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה Ez 4:14 my soul hath not (or I have not, 4 a) been polluted.

† 10. נ׳ in D, when used with לבב, is assim. to it, and shares with it the meanings of 7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that ל׳ is used of intellect, while נ׳ is used of the feelings): thus, בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see לבב): c. דרשׁ Dt 4:29 2 Ch 15:12; עשׂה Dt 26:16; אהב Dt 6:5; 13:4; 30:6; ידע Jos 23:14; עבד Dt 10:12; 11:13 Jos 22:5; שׁמע בקלו Dt 30:2; שׁוב אל Dt 30:10 1 K 8:48 = 2 Ch 6:38, 2 K 23:25; שׁמר מצות 2 K 23:3 = 2 Ch 34:31; הלך לפני 1 K 2:4; and Dt 11:18 1 S 2:35 1 Ch 22:19; 28:9 Je 32:41 ψ 13:3 Pr 2:10; 24:12. Note.—In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning breath:—a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Pr 27:9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders מעצת נ׳ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but B De SS transp. וּמֶתֶק נ׳ מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ. G Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁ is || לב, cf. 10. b. נַפְשׁוֹ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Jb 41:13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile). The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours ref. to passion or fury; perhaps sub 6 f, his passion or fury kindleth coals. c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Is 3:20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evid. in BH, therefore, for meaning breath, odour.—See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), Br ^{1897, 17 ff.}

†[נָפַשׁ S TWOT GK] vb.denom. (cf. Syriac ܢܰܦܶܫ (napeš) refresh; ܐܶܬܢܦܶܫ, ܐܶܬܢܰܦܰܫ (˒etnpeš, ˒etnapaš) be refreshed; Ethiopic ነፍሰ (nafsa));—Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִנָּפֵשׁ Ex 23:12 (E) 2 S 16:14; וַיִּנָּפַ֑שׁ Ex 31:17 (P);—take breath, refresh oneself.

†נָפִישׁ S GK n.pr.m. son of Ishmael, according to Gn 25:15 (P), = 1 Ch 1:31 (G Ναφες, GL Ναφεις); = (Arab) tribe 5:19 (G Ναφεισαδαιων, A GL Ναφισαιων).

נֶ֫פֶת S TWOT GK^, v. II. נוף.

†נֹ֫פֶת S TWOT GK n.m. Pr 24:13 flowing honey, honey from the comb (Ph. נפת CIS ^{i. 166, 8 b});—נ׳ abs. Pr 5:3 + 3 times, cstr. ψ 19:11;—sweet Pr 24:13 (|| דְּבַשׁ), cf. 27:7; fig. of sweet words Pr 5:3, and perhaps Ct 4:11 (Bu of kisses; || דְּבַשׁ, חָלָב); in full נ׳ צוּפִים ψ 19:11 honey of (the) combs (comp. with מִשְׁפְּטֵי י׳; || דְּבַשׁ).

נֶפְתּוֹחַ S GK v. פתח.

נַפְתּוּלִים S TWOT GK, נַפְתָּלִי S GK v. פתל.

†נַפְתֻּחִים S GK n.pr.loc. Gn 10:13 = 1 Ch 1:11 (G Νεφθαλ(ι)ειμ, but GL in Ch Νεφθωσειμ); = p™t™mḥï, the northern land, i.e. Lower Egypt, according to Brugsch ^{Hierogl. WB. Suppl. 633}, and especially Erman ^{x (1890), 118, 119} reading פתמחים. Other conj. v. Di Gn.

i. [נֵץ S TWOT^, GK^, ] v. I. נצץ.

ii. נֵץ S TWOT^, GK^, v. II. נצץ.

†[נָצָא S TWOT GK] vb. = נָצָה = fly, acc. Thes Gf al.;—only Qal Inf. abs. (si vera l.) נָצֹא תֵצֵא Je 48:9, but improb.; T Symm יָצֹא cf. Ol ^{245 h} Gie; > Schwally ^{viii (1888), 197} נָצֹה תִּצֶּה, √ III. נצה.

†[נָצַב S TWOT GK^{, ,} ] vb.Niph. take one’s stand, stand (NH נִצָּב id. (rare), הַצָּבָה n. taking a stand; Ph. (Pun) נצב, מנצבת, מצבת monument Lzb ³²⁵; Nab. Palm. נצב set up; Zinj. id., statue, all Lzb ³²⁵ Cook ⁸²; Palm. מצבא image, Nab. נצב id., DHM ^{viii (1984), 12}, cf. Lzb ; perhaps Assyrian naṣâbu TelAm., Wkl ^24b; Aramaic נְצַב, ܢܨܰܒ (nṣab) Arabic نَصَبَ (naṣaba) set up, erect, نَصْبٌ (naṣbun) sign, mark, way-mark; Sab. נצב cippus CIS ^{iv. 23} SabDenkm⁹⁵ DHM ^{xxx (1876) 115f.} Derenb ^{, 1883, Aug.–Sept. 244}; Min. מצב statue ( = מנצב) Hom ¹²⁸);—Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נִצְּבָה ψ 45:10, נִצָּ֑בָה Gn 37:7 Pr 8:2; 2 ms. וְנִצַּבְתָּ֫ Ex 7:15 + 2 times; 3 pl. נִצְּבוּ 15:8, וְנִצְּבוּ consec. 33:8; Pt. נִצָּב Gn 24:13 +, f. נִצָּבָה Zc 11:16, נִצֶּ֫בֶת 1 S 1:26; mpl. נִצָּבִים Ex 5:20 +; fpl. נִצָּבוֹת 1 S 4:20;— 1. a. station oneself, take one’s stand, for definite purpose, c. עַל loc. (by, on) Gn 24:13, 43; 28:13 Ex 7:15; 33:21; 34:2 (all J), Ex 17:9; 18:14 (E), Nu 23:6, 17 (JE); Am 7:7; 9:1 Pr 8:2; of י׳ Is 3:13 taketh his stand to plead; c. ב loc. Ex 5:20 ψ 82:1 (of God), cf. Nu 22:23, 31, 34; נ׳ עִמְּכָה 1 S 1:26; לִפְנֵי י׳ Dt 29:9 c. פֶּתַח Nu 16:27 (JE), Ju 18:16, 17; abs. La 2:4 (on text v. Löhr). b. stand = be stationed (by appointment, or in fulfilment of duty), c. עַל pers. (sitting or lying) Gn 45:1 1 S 4:20; 22:6, 7, 17; נ׳ עַל־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי Is 21:8 stand at my watchman’s post (|| עֹמֵד); לִימִינְךָ ψ 45:10; abs. 2 S 13:31. c. take an upright position, stand, יָקוּמוּ וְנ׳ Ex 33:8 (E; + פֶּתַח loc.), cf. Gn 37:7 (E; of sheaf); of waters, נ׳ כְמוֹ־נֵד Ex 15:8 (song). 2. be stationed = appointed over (על), 1 S 22:9 Ru 2:5, 6; with Samuel presiding over (על) them 1 S 19:20. Hence 3. Pt. as subst. deputy, prefect (as appointed, deputed), only 1 K 4:5, 7; 5:7, 30; 9:23 2 Ch 8:10 (all of Sol.’s officers; so also 2 Ch 8:10 Qr, < Kt נציב), 1 K 22:48 (of Edom). 4. stand firm, fig. כָּל־אָדָם נִצָּב ψ 39:6 every man, (even) the firm-standing, is wholly vanity (but expression strange, and text dub.); נ׳ בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם 119:89 (of י׳’s word); that which stands firm Zc 11:16 (Isr. under fig. of sheep), but dub.; We GASm leave untranslated; Now proposes הַנַּחֲלָה the diseased.

Hiph. Pf. הִצִּיב 1 K 16:34; 2 ms. הִצַּבְתָּ Gn 21:29 ψ 74:17; 3 mpl. הִצִּ֫יבוּ Je 5:26; Impf. יַצִּיב Jos 6:26, יַצֵּב Dt 32:8 (dub.; poet. for וַיּ׳ Ew ^233a Di; rhythmical shortening Ges ^{109 k}; read יַצִּב Dr Da ^{p. 94}), וַיַּצֶּב־ 2 S 18:18; sf. וַיַּצִּיבֵ֫נוּ La 3:12; Imv. fs. הַצִּ֫יבִי Je 31:21; Inf. cstr. הַצִּיב 1 S 13:21 1 Ch 18:3; Pt. מַצִּיב 1 S 15:12 (but read הִצִּיב G We Dr Bu Kit HPS);— 1. station, set: c. acc., ewes Gn 21:28, 29 (E; לְבַד apart), trap Je 5:26; fig. set me before thee (לְפָנֶיךָ) ψ 41:13; set me as a target La 3:12. 2. set up, erect pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gn 35:14, 20 (E), 2 S 18:18, + אֲשֵׁרִים 2 K 17:10; altar Gn 33:20 (E), stone-heap 2 S 18:17; monument 1 S 15:12 1 Ch 18:3 Je 31:21; city-gates (c. ב), Jos 6:26 (JE) = 1 K 16:34. 3. cause to stand erect, waters, כְּמוֹ־נֵד ψ 78:13 (cf. Qal Ex 15:8). 4. fix, establish boundary (subj. י׳) Dt 32:8 ψ 74:17 Pr 15:25; dominion (יַד) 1 Ch 18:3 (of king).—1 S 13:21 is dub.; AV sharpen, RV set; Kit ‘gerade machen’; Klo נִצַּב subst., v. infr.; cf. HPS.

Hoph. Pf. 3 ms. הֻצַּב Na 2:8 it is fixed, determined (Kl Or), but very dub.; perhaps n.pr., or epith., of queen, cf. We Now GASm, q.v.; Pt. סֻלָּם מֻצָּב אַ֫רְצָה Gn 28:12 (E) a ladder set up on the earth; אֵלוֹן מ׳ Ju 9:6, read אֵלוֹן הַמַּצֵּבָה GFM, v. infr.—Cf. also יצב Hithp.

†נִצָּב S^, TWOT^, GK^, . n.m. 1. haft, hilt of sword Ju 3:22 (Arabic نِصَابٌ (niṣābun) handle of knife, ‘in wh. the سِيلَان (sīlān) [i.e. the shank] is set’ Lane²⁸⁰⁰). 2. prefect, deputy, v. נצב Niph. 3.

†i. נְצִיב S^, TWOT GK^, n.m. pillar, prefect, also appar. garrison, post (Ecclus 46:18 ויכנע נציבי צר and he subdued garrisons, posts, of the foe);—נ׳ abs. 1 K 4:19; cstr. 1 S 13:3 + 3 times; pl. נְצִיבִים 2 S 8:6 + 2 times + 2 Ch 8:10 Kt, נְצִבִים 2 S 8:14⁽⁾; cstr. נְצִבֵי 1 S 10:5 MT, but read נְצִיב G S B Th We Dr Klo Kit Bu HPS;— 1. pillar, נ׳ מֶלַח Gn 19:26 (J). 2. prefect, deputy 1 K 4:19 (on text cf. Klo Benz), so perhaps also 1 S 10:5 (HPS; pillar G Th Dr Klo Kit), and appar. 13:3, 4 (> al. pillar); this meaning serves also for 2 S 8:6, 14⁽⁾ (so Ki; Th HPS garrison) 1 Ch 11:16; 18:13 2 Ch 8:10 (where read Kt), 17:2 (Kau garrison in 11:16; 17:2; Ecclus 46:18—v. supr.—would favour this meaning in other passages).

†ii. נְצִיב S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. in Judah on border of Philist. Jos 15:43; G Νασειβ, A GL Νες(ε)ιβ; v. also Lag ^{95 Anm.} ; mod. Beit Naṣîb, c. 8 m. NW. of Hebron Buhl ¹⁹³.

†מַצָּב S TWOT GK n.m. 1 S 13:23 standing-place, station, garrison;—מ׳ abs. 1 S 14:15, cstr. מַצַּב Jos 4:3, 9 + (Baer in Sm מַצָּב, cf. on 1 S 13:23, but v. Ginsb); sf. מַצָּבֶ֑ךָ Is 22:19;— 1. standing-place of feet Jos 4:3, 9 (JE). 2. station, office Is 22:19 (|| מַעֲמָד). 3. garrison, post, or outpost (of Philistines) 1 S 13:23; 14:1, 4, 6, 11, 15 2 S 23:14; so read also 1 S 14:12 (for MT מַצָּבָה) G Th We Bu HPS.

מֻצָּב S TWOT GK n.[m.] palisade or intrenchment;—only Is 29:3 (of siege-works; || מְצֻרֹת).

מַצָּבָה S TWOT^, GK n.f. אַנְשֵׁי מ׳ 1 S 14:12 v. מַצָּב.

†מִצָּבָה S TWOT GK^, n.f. guard, watch?—only וְחָנִיתִי לְבֵיתִי מ׳ Zc 9:8 and I encamp as watch for my house (so We Now GASm, but dub.; Kue Sta Marti GASm read מַצָּבָה, but this prob. non-existent, v. supr.; MT appar. intends because of a host = מִצָּבָא).

†מַצֵּבָה S^, TWOT GK^, , מַצֶּ֫בֶת S TWOT GK^, n.f. pillar, maṣṣēbā, stump; on this v. also Lagrange ^{Études Bibl. 197 ff.} and review by Bau ^{lvii (1903), 830}; also GFM ^massebah Sta ^{Bib. Theol. i. § 55} OC Whitehouse ^pillar—abs. מַצֵּבָה Ho 3:4 +, מַצֶּ֫בֶת 2 S 18:18a (read הַמּ׳ G Dr Bu Kit), v 18b Is 6:13, cstr. מַצְּבַת 2 K 3:2; 10:27, מַצֶּ֫בֶת Gn 35:14, 20; sf. מַצַּבְתָּהּ Is 6:13; pl. abs. מַצֵּבוֹת 1 K 14:23, cstr. מַצְּבוֹת 2 K 10:26, etc.;— 1. a. pillar, as monument, personal memorial 2 S 18:18⁽⁾. b. a stone, set up (שׂים, הציב), and anointed as memorial of divine appearance Gn 28:18, 22; 31:13 (all E), 35:14⁽⁾ (J); so also 33:20 (E), where ins. מ׳, or read מ׳ for MT מִזְבֵּחַ (We Di Now ^{ii. 18}), set up (שׂים, הרים, חציב), in token of an agreement 31:45, 51, 52⁽⁾ (all E); over grave 35:20⁽⁾ (E). c. especially of sacred stones or pillars in connecxion with altar, erected (בנה) by Moses Ex 24:4 (E; 12 pillars), Ho 3:4; 10:1, 2 Is 19:19; conj. also 2 K 12:10 for MT מִזְבֵּחַ Sta ^{v (1885), 296} Now , but dub., v. Benz^{ad loc.}; (usually + אֲשֵׁרִים etc.): of Canaanites Ex 23:24 (E), 34:13 (J), Dt 7:5; 12:3, cf. מ׳ הַבַּעַל 2 K 3:2; 10:26, 27; Tyre, מ׳ עֻזֵּךְ, Ez 26:11, of obelisks of Heliopolis in Egypt Je 43:13; condemned for Isr. by Deut. code, and Deut. redaction of K: Dt 16:22 1 K 14:23 2 K 17:10; 18:4; 23:14, 2 Ch 14:2; 31:1; cf. Mi 5:12 Lv 26:1 (H).—On maṣṣēbā v. further Now ^{ii. 18 f.} Benz ^{380 f.} Dr Dt. 16:21 f. We ^{iii. 99, 165} RS^{. i. 184 ff. 437 f.; 2d ed. 204 ff. 456 f.; . 50}.—Ju 9:6 v. [נָצַב] Hoph. 2. stock, stump of tree Is 6:13a (in sim.), so v 13b (fig.; but prob. del. as gloss).

†I. [נָצַה] vb. fly (?);—only Qal Pf. 3 pl. (si vera l.) נָצ֫וּ גַּם־נָ֑עוּ La 4:15 (of homeless exiles); text very dub.; read perhaps נָ֫דוּ (cf. Gn 4:12, 14), so Bu; Löhr (more venturesomely) מָנוֹחַ כִּי לֹא יִמְצְאוּ; Buhl ¹³ perhaps כִּי גַּם נָֽגְעוֹ.

†נוֹצָה S TWOT GK n.f. plumage (cf. poss. Arabic نَاصِيَةٌ (nāṣiyatun) hair over forehead, fore-lock of horse, Lane³⁰³³; v. also Assyrian na-aṣ kappe);—of eagle מָלֵא הַנּ׳ Ez 17:3 (fig. of Nebuch.; + כָּנָף, אֵבֶר); also רַב נ׳ v 7 (fig. of kg. of Egypt; + כָּנָף); of ostrich נֹצָה Jb 39:13 (|| כנף, + אֶבְרָה; cf. Di Bu). Here belongs prob. also בְּנֹצָתָהּ Lv 1:16, read בְּנֹצָתֹה (Dr-Wh), בנצתו (Sam), or וְ(אֶת־) נֹצָתוֹ (cf. Di) its feathers, of bird for burnt-offering; G σὺν τοῖς πτεροῖς, B et plumas; so AV RVm; > with its filth (i.e. of the crop) T S Ges Kn Ke Kal Ew RV, meaning without evidence elsewhere.

†II. [נָצָה S TWOT^{, ,} GK^, ] vb. Niph. Hiph. struggle (NH id., Hithp. (Jastrow⁹²⁸); Aramaic נְצָא, ܢܨܳܐ (nṣo) quarrel; Arabic نَصَا (naṣā) apprehendit, arripuit aliquem antiis suis, Ethiopic ነጸየ (naṣaya) vellere, evellere, are perhaps denom. from نَاصِيَةٌ (nāṣiyatun) (v. נוֹצָה), so Thes);—Niph. recipr. struggle with each other: Impf. 3 mpl. יִנָּצוּ Ex 21:22 (E), Lv 24:10 (H), 2 S 14:6; יִנּ׳ יַחְדָּו Dt 25:11; Pt. נִצִּים Ex 2:13 (E); all of physical struggle, wrestling, and the like. Hiph. engage in a struggle against: Pf. 3 pl. הִצּוּ Nu 26:9 (עַל); Inf. cstr. sf. הַצֹּתָם v 9 (עַל); הַצּוֹתוֹ אֶת ψ 60:2 (title); only here of war, hence Klo’s suggestion (cf. Buhl ¹³) הַכּוֹתוֹ is plausible (cf. 2 S 8:3, 5, 9).

†ii. מַצָּה S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.f. strife, contention;—abs. מ׳ Is 58:4 Pr 13:10; 17:19.—i. מַצָּה v. מצץ.

†[מַצּוּת S TWOT GK] n.f. id.;—only sf. אַנְשֵׁ׳ מַצֻּתֶ֑ךָ Is 41:12 i.e. the men who strove with thee (|| אַנְשֵׁ׳ מִלְחַמְתֶּ֑ךָ).

†III. [נָצָה S TWOT^{, ,} GK^, ] vb. fall in ruins;—Qal Impf. 3 fpl. עָרַיִךְ תִּצֶּינָה מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב Je 4:7 thy cities shall fall in ruins (read prob. תִּנָּצֶינָה Niph.). Niph. Pt. pl. גַּלִּים נִצִּים ruined heaps, i.e. ruin-heaps, 2 K 19:25 = Is 37:26.—On Je 2:15; 9:9, 11; 46:19 v. יצת.

נִצָּה S TWOT GK v. נצץ.

נֹצָתָהּ Lv 1:16 v. נוֹצָה supr.

†I. [נָצַח S TWOT GK] vb. be pre-eminent, enduring (Ecclus [Pi.] make brilliant 43:5, 13 [?] (cf. Oxford ed.^xxxiii); NH נָצַח conque, etc.; Ph. נצח, Aramaic נְצַח, ܢܨܰܚ (nṣaḥ) shine, be illustrious, pre-eminent, victorious; Arabic نَصَحَ (naṣaḥa) be pure, reliable; Ethiopic ነድሐ (nadḥa) be pure, innocent; both classes of meaning prob. derived from shine, be bright, brilliant, v. also Dr 1 S 15:29);—Niph. Pt. act. f. נִצַּ֫חַת Je 8:5 enduring (מְשֻׁבָה apostasy).

Piel = act as overseer, superintendent, director, only Chr. and ψ-titles;—Inf. לְנַצֵּחַ 1 Ch 15:21 + 4 times; pt. לַמְנַצֵּחַ Hb 3:19 ψ 4:1 + 54 times ψψ; pl. מְנַצְּחִים 2 Ch 2:1, 17; 34:13;— 1. in building temple 2 Ch 2:1, 17; Ezr 3:8, 9, cf. 2 Ch 34:12, 13. 2. in ministry of house of י׳ 1 Ch 23:4. 3. in liturgical service of song, על־השׁמינית, over the bass voices, leading them with כִּנֹּרוֹת 1 Ch 15:21; לַמְנַצֵּחַ in titles of ψψ has prob. sim. meaning, = musical director or choirmaster; Gk. Vrss of 2nd cent. a.d., Aq Theod Sym, and so Jer, think of Aramaic victorious, but no clear explan.; G εἰς τὸ τέλος (prob. לַמִּנְצָח) follows ordinary meaning of noun נֵצַח, which may be expl. in eschatological sense as referring to end of age of world after Euseb Theod; or for full rendering after De; neither satisfactory. Chr., near in date, gives the clue which is intrinsically prob.: לְ indicates, not assignment (nothing special in these ψψ to suggest it, and assignment of ψψ for such use a matter of course), but that these ψψ were taken by final editor from an older major Psalter known as the Director’s Collection, cf. the still earlier collections known as (ל)דוד, (ל)אסף, (ל)בני קרח. The 55 ψψ with למנצח were taken 39 from Davidic, 9 from Korahite, and 5 from Asaphic Psalters; only 2 anonymous. Hb 3 originally belonged to Director’s Psalter. This and other Director’s ψψ have musical directions in titles. The Director’s Psalter was prob. the prayer-book of synagogue of Gk. period, presupposed by our Hab., the collection of the twelve Minor Prophets, the prophetic canon, and Daniel (v. Br ¹²³).

†i. נֵ֫צַח S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.m. La 3:18 eminence, enduring, everlastingness, perpetuity (לנצח Ecclus 40:14 as 4 infr.);—נֵ֫צַח 1 S 15:29 + 3 times; נֶ֫צַח Am 1:11 + 36 times; sf. נִצְחִי La 3:18; pl. נְצָחִים Is 34:10;— 1. eminence: נצח ישׂראל the Eminence of Israel (י׳) 1 S 15:29 (Dr ⁹⁸ glory of Israel); attribute of God 1 Ch 29:11 (|| הוד, תפארת et al.). 2. enduring of life, and so life itself as enduring: אָבַד נִצְחִי La 3:18 my endurance doth vanish (De sap of life, v. ii. נ׳). 3. endurance in time: משׁאות נ׳ ψ 74:3 perpetual desolations; לנ׳ יְדַבֵּר Pr 21:28 speaketh continually (?; v. Toy); עד־נ׳ ψ 49:20 unto the end (a long duration), so Jb 34:36. 4. everlastingness, ever, usually לָנֶצַח for ever, 2 S 2:26 Is 13:20; 25:8; 28:28; 33:20; 57:16 Je 3:5; 50:39 Am 8:7 Hb 1:4 ψ 9:7, 19; 10:11; 44:24; 49:10; 52:7; 68:17; 74:1, 10, 19; 77:9; 79:5; 89:47; 103:9 Jb 4:20; 14:20; 20:7; 23:7; 36:7 La 5:20; לנצח נצחים (cf. עולם עולמים) Is 34:10; seldom abbr. נֶצַח Am 1:11 (לָנ׳ G We Now GASm), Je 15:18 ψ 13:2; 16:11.

II. נצח TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic نَضَحَ, نَضَخَ (naḍaḥa, naḍaḫa) Lane ^{2806, 2807} sprinkle; BA ⁵² cp. Ethiopic ነዝኀ (nazḫa) spargere, aspergere Di ⁶⁷⁷ (rare)).

†ii. [נֵ֫צַח S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. juice of grapes, fig. of blood, gore;—only sf. נִצְחָם Is 63:3, 6.

†נְצִיחַ S GK n.pr.m. head of a family of Nethinim Ezr 2:54 (G Νασους, A Νεθιε) = Ne 7:56 G Ασεια, A Νεισεια; GL Νεσια in both.

[נָצַל S TWOT GK]₂₁₂ vb. not in Qal; Pi. strip, plunder; Niph. deliver oneself, be delivered; Hiph. snatch away, deliver (Ecclus Hiph. Pt. מצלת delivering 40:24b (Levi conj. יציל 40:24a); NH Hiph. = BH; Biblical Aramaic Haph. id.; Syriac ܢܨܰܠ (nṣal) pour out; Arabic نَصَلَ (naṣala) intrans. tincturam exuit emisitque barba, ex cuspide excidit sagitta, etc., Kam. Frey; Ethiopic iii. ተነጽለ (tanaṣla) evulsum vel abruptum excidere e suo loco, Di⁶⁹⁸);—†Niph. Pf. 1 pl. נִצַּלְנוּ Je 7:10; Impf. יִנָּצֵל Dt 23:16, + 1 s. אִנָּֽצְלָה ψ 69:15, + 8 times Impf.; Inf. הִנָּצֵל Is 20:6 + 3 times— 1. reflex. tear oneself away, deliver oneself: abs. Pr 6:3 Ez 14:16, 18 2 K 19:11 = Is 37:11; c. מִיַּד Pr 6:5; מֵעִם … אֶל escape from—unto Dt 23:16. 2. passive, be torn out or away מִפִּי הָאֲרִי Am 3:12; be delivered, abs. Gn 32:31 Je 7:10 ψ 33:16 Mi 4:10; מִפְּנֵי Is 20:6; מִכַּף Hb 2:9; מִן ψ 69:15.

†Pi. Pf. 2 mpl. נִצַּלְתֶּם Ex 3:22; Impf. יְנַצֵּל Ez 14:14 + 2 times;— 3. strip off, spoil, abs. 2 Ch 20:25; c. acc. pers. Ex 3:22; 12:36 (J). 4. deliver, c. acc. נַפְשָׁם Ez 14:14.

Hiph.₁₉₀ Pf. הִצִּיל Ex 12:27; 2 ms. הִצַּ֫לֳתָּ Ex 5:23 + 50 times Pf.; Impf. יַצִּיל 2 K 17:39; יַצֵּל Gn 31:9; + 63 times Impf.; Imv. הַצֵּל Pr 24:11; הַצִּ֫ילָה ψ 22:21; sf. הַצִּילֵנִי Gn 32:12 + 24 times Imv.; Inf. abs. הַצֵּל 2 K 18:30 + 4 times; cstr. הַצִּיל Gn 37:22 + 23 times Inf.; Pt. מַצִּיל Dt 32:39 + 16 times Pt.—† 5. take away, snatch away, e.g. property Gn 31:9, 16 (E) Ho 2:11, prey from the mouth of animals 1 S 17:35 Am 3:12 Ez 34:10; words of י׳ from the mouth ψ 119:43; וְאֵין מַצִּיל בֵּינֵיהֶם 2 S 14:6 and there was none to tear them apart (two fighting); וְהִצִּיל עֵינֵנוּ 2 S 20:6 and take away our eye (elude our sight, Ges; Ew We after G cast shadow over our eye, denom. from צֵל; Bö Th after S tear away our eye, harm us irretrievably, v. Dr 1 S 26:2; HPS escape from us [מִמֶּנּוּ, as GL], cf. Bu [וְנִצַּל]). † 6. rescue, recover, e.g. cities Ju 11:26; wives and property 1 S 30:8, 18, 22. 7. deliver from: a. enemies and troubles, abs. 1 S 12:21 Pr 19:19 Is 50:2 Je 39:17; †אֵין מַצִּיל Ju 18:28 Jb 5:4; 10:7 ψ 7:3; 50:22; 71:11 Is 5:29; 42:22; 43:13 Dn 8:4, 7 Ho 5:14 Mi 5:7; c. acc. Ex 18:8 (E) 5:23; 12:27 (J), Dt 23:15 + 39 times; †הַצִּיל נַפְשוֹ Is 44:20; 47:14 Ez 3:19, 21; 14:20; 33:19; c. מִן from Mi 5:6 + 25 times; מִיַּד from the hand or power of Gn 32:12 Ex 2:19 (J) + 57 times; מִתַּחַת יַד Ex 18:10 (E); †מִכַּף 2 S 14:16; 19:10; 22:1 = ψ 18:1, 2 K 20:6 = Is 38:6, 2 Ch 32:11 Ezr 8:31. †b. from death Pr 11:6; 12:6; מִמּוֹת Jos 2:13 (J), ψ 33:19; 56:14 Pr 10:12 = 11:4; מִשְּׁאוֹל ψ 86:13 Pr 23:14. † 8. deliver from sin and guilt (in late writings), מִכָּל־פְּשָׁעַי ψ 39:9 from all my transgressions; מִדָּמִים ψ 51:16 from bloodguiltiness; הַצִּילֵנוּ וְכַפֵּר עַל־חַטֹּאתֵינוּ ψ 79:9 deliver us and cover over all our sins; prob. also כְּאִמְרָֽתְךָ הַצִּילֵנִי ψ 119:170.

†Hoph. Pt. מֻצָּל;—כְּאוּד מֻצָּל מִשְּׂרֵפָה Am 4:11 as a brand plucked out of the burning; מֵאֵשׁ Zc 3:2 from the fire.

†Hithp. וַיִּתְנַצְּלוּ אֶת־עֶדְיָם Ex 33:6 (E) and they stripped themselves of their ornaments.

†הַצָּלָה S TWOT GK n.f. deliverance Est 4:14 (old Sem. Inf. in â according to Ba ⁹⁰; Inf. also Sta ^{621 c} cf. Ges ^{85 c} Kö ^{1, 402}; prob. here by Aramaic infl.).

[נִצָּן S TWOT GK] v. I. נצץ.

†I. [נָצַץ S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. shine, sparkle (NH נִצְנֵץ; akin to Arabic نَاضَ (nāḍa) sparkle, flash, T נְעָא);—Qal Pt. וְנֹצְצִים כְּעֵין נְחשֶׁת Ez 1:7 (of cherubim);—Perles⁴⁵ proposes נוֹצִיצָם their plumage (נ׳ || form of נוֹצָה), cf. Ew.

†נִיצוֹץ S TWOT GK n.[m.] spark;—Is 1:31 (fig.).

†i. [נֵץ S TWOT^, GK^, ] n.m. only sf. נִצָּהּ Gn 40:10, v. foll.

†נִצָּה S TWOT GK n.f. blossom (perhaps from above √, blossom, flower, as shining amid leaves);—abs. נ׳ of vine Is 18:5 (|| פֶּרַח; = berry-cluster according to Di Kit Che cf. J. Derenb ^{v (1885), 301 f.; vi (1886). 98 f.}); sf. נִצָּתוֹ Jb 15:33 (of olive); read also נִצָּתָהּ Gn 40:10 (of vine) for MT נִצָּהּ, cf. Di Holz.

†[נִצָּן S TWOT GK] n.[m.] id., only pl. נִצָּנִים Ct 2:12.

†[נָצַץ S^{, ,} TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. denom. bloom, blossom (NH id.; Jewish-Aramaic נְצַץ id.);—Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. הֵנֵ֫צוּ Ct 6:11 (no dagh., v. Kö^{. 381} Ges ^{67, 8, R. 11}) the pomegranates have put forth blossoms, so 7:13; Impf. 3 ms. יָנֵאץ Ec 12:5 the almond-tree wears blossoms.

II. נצץ TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Ph. n.pr.loc. אי־נצם isle (coast) of hawks, Lzb ^{213, 325}; Syriac ܢܶܨܳܐ (neṣo) hawk; T נַצָא (cf. Me ^{Chrest 241})).

†ii. נֵץ S TWOT^, GK^, n.m. a bird of prey, generic name, incl. hawk and falcon (Tristr; accipiter Bo ^{ii. 266 ff.; ed. iii. 5 ff.} cf. Now ^{i. 116});—unclean bird, Lv 11:16 (P), Dt 14:15 (varieties, לְמִינֵהוּ); bird of passage Jb 39:26.

†I. [נָצַר S TWOT GK^, ] vb. watch, guard, keep (NH id., observe; Assyrian naṣâru, watch over, protect; Old Aramaic נצר protect Lzb ³²⁵ Cook ⁸³; Palm. in n.pr. Vog ^{150, 4} Cook ¹²⁴; Aramaic נְטַר, ܢܛܰܪ (nṭar) (cf. Wetzst in De Job (2) on 27:18); Arabic نَظَرَ (naẓara) look at, consider, examine (نَاطُورٌ (nāṭūrun), overseer is Aramaic loan-word Frä ¹³⁸); Sab. להנצרהמו to aid them Hal ^{Rev. Sém. iv (1896), 71}; Ethiopic ነጸረ (naṣara) spectare, intueri, etc., Di⁷⁰¹;—cf. also נטר);—Qal Pf. 3 fs. sf. נְצָרָ֫תַם ψ 119:129; 1 s. נָצָ֑רְתִּי ψ 119:22, 56, 100; 3 mpl. נָֽצְרוּ Pr 22:12; Impf. יִצֹּר Pr 3:1; sf. יִצְּרֶ֫נְהוּ (Ges ^{58, 4 R.}) Dt 32:10; m. sf. תִּנְצְרֶ֑כָּה Pr 2:11 (Ges ^{58, 4 R.}); 1 s. אֶצֹּר ψ 119:69; אֶצְּרָה ψ 119:34, 115; אֶצֹּ֑רָה ψ 119:145; sf. אֶצָּרְךָ Is 42:6; 49:8 (Ges Bö Ew al. from יצר); אֶצֳּרֶ֑נָּה Is 27:3; 3 mpl. יִצְּרוּ Pr 20:28; יִנְצֹ֑רוּ Dt 33:9 (on forms v. Ges ^{66, 2, R. 1}) + 15 times Impf.; Imv. נְצֹר ψ 34:14 + 3 times; נִצְּרָה ψ 141:3 (d. f. dirim. Ges ^{20, 2 b}); sf. נִצְּרֶ֑הָ Pr 4:13; Inf. abs. נָצוֹר Na 2:2; cstr. נְצֹר Pr 2:8; Pt. נוֹצֵר Pr 28:7; נֹצֵר Ex 34:7 + 7 times; sf. נֹצְרָהּ Is 27:3; pl. נוֹצְרִים 2 K 17:9; 18:8, etc.; pass. נָצוּר Ez 6:12; pl. נְצוּרִים Is 65:4 (G ἐν τοῖς σπηλαίοις, בַּמְּעָרוֹת); cstr. נְצוּרֵי (Kt נְצִירֵי only here) Is 49:6; f. נְצוּרָה Is 1:8 (Di reads נְצוֹרָה Niph. Pt. √ צוּר); cstr. נְצֻרַת Pr 7:10; pl. נְצֻרוֹת Is 48:6 (Che reads בְּצֻרוֹת).

1. Watch, guard, keep, a vineyard Jb 27:18 (cf. Wetzst in De Job (2)^{ad loc.}), Is 27:3⁽⁾, fig-tree Pr 27:18, fortification Na 2:2; נֹצְרִים watchmen Je 31:6; מִגְדַּל נ׳ tower of watchmen 2 K 17:9; 18:8; in ethical sense of men, guarding the mouth Pr 13:3, the way Pr 16:17, לֵב Pr 4:23; the tongue מֵרַע ψ 34:14; c. על, over the door of the lips ψ 141:3; of God נֹצֵר הָאָדָם Jb 7:20 (thou) watcher of men (iron.).

2. Guard from dangers, perserve, c. acc. subj. God or his attributes Dt 32:10 ψ 25:21; 31:24; 40:12; 61:8 Is 26:3; 42:6; 49:8 Pr 2:8; 20:28; 22:12; נֹצֵר נֶפֶשׁ Pr 24:12; c. acc. and מן from which ψ 12:8; 32:7; 64:2; 140:2, 5. In Wisd. lit. subj. is abstr.: חכמה Pr 4:6; תבונה Pr 2:11; צדקה Pr 13:6; נְצוּרֵי ישׂראל Is 49:6 preserved of Israel.

3. Guard with fidelity, keep, observe: of י׳, נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לאלפים Ex 34:7 (J); elsewhere of man observing the covenant Dt 33:9 (poem) ψ 25:10, the divine law ψ 78:7; 105:45; 119:2, 22, 33, 34, 56, 69, 100, 115, 129, 145; commands of parents Pr 6:20; 28:7; and discipline of Wisdom Pr 3:1, 21; 4:13; 5:2.

4. Guard, keep secret, dub.: נְצֻרוֹת secret things Is 48:6; נְצוּרִים secret places Is 65:4 (see forms above); נְצֻרַת לֵב secret, wily minded Pr 7:10 (of harlot, so RVm close, i.e. secretive).

5. Kept close, blockaded, dub.: הַנָּצוּר the blockaded (so Ew Hi Co Toy; but Ke Bth Kau preserved; Hi Co Bth Toy del. והנשׁאר) Ez 6:12; עִיר נְצוּרָה blockaded city Is 1:8 (see form above); נֹצְרִים blockaders Je 4:16 (but G συστροφαί = צררים i.e. foes).

נְצוּרִים S TWOT GK v. I. נצר Qal Pt. pass.

†[נציר S TWOT GK] adj. preserved;—only pl. cstr. נצירי Is 49:6 Kt, Qr נְצוּרֵי q.v. נצר Pt..

נִצְּרָה S TWOT GK ψ 141:3 v. I. נצר Qal Imv.

II. נצר TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. perhaps Arabic نَضُرَ (naḍura) be fresh, bright, grow green; Ecclus 40:15 נוצר, margin נצר, branch; NH נֵצֶר = BH).

†נֵ֫צֶר S TWOT GK n.m. sprout, shoot, in fig. uses:—נ׳ abs. Is 11:1; 14:19; (sim.); cstr. 60:21 (נ׳ מַטָּעַי), Dn 11:7 (מִנּ׳ שָׁרָשֶׁיהָ; but G Bev ‘poss.’ נ׳ מִשָּׁרָשֶׁיהָ).

†I. [נָקַב S TWOT GK^, ] vb. pierce (NH id.; SI ^1.1.4 הנקבה the piercing, boring through; Aramaic נְקַב, ܢܩܰܒ (nqab) id.; נֶקְבָּא hole, etc.; Sinait. n.pr.m. נקבו Eut ^{441, 2}, נקיבו Eut ^{99, 2; 153, 2} (Lzb ^325.326 Cook ⁸³); Assyrian naḳbu, depth, spring of water; Arabic نَقَبَ (naqaba) perforate, pierce, scrutinize, etc., نَقِيبَةٌ (naqībatun) sagacity, etc., نَقِيبٌ (naqībun) leader, chief (one who scrutinizes));—Qal Pf. 3 fs. sf. נְקָבָהּ 2 K 18:21 Is 36:6; 2 ms. נָקַבְתָּ Hb 3:14; Impf. יִנְקָב־ Jb 40:24, וַיִּקֹּב 2 K 12:10; sf. יִקֳּבֶ֫נּוּ Is 62:2; 2 ms. תִּקֹּב Jb 40:26; Imv. ms. נָקְבָה Gn 30:28; Pt. pass. נָקוּב Hg 1:6; pl. cstr. נְקֻבֵי Am 6:1;— 1. pierce, bore, c. acc. 2 K 18:21 = Is 36:6, Hb 3:14 (all in fig.), Jb 40:24, 26; c. acc. cogn. + ב, וְיִּקֹּב חֹר בְּדַלְתּוֹ 2 K 12:10 and he bored a hole in its lid; צְרוֹר נָקוּב Hg 1:6 a bag pierced, i.e. with a hole in it. 2. prick off, designate, wages Gn 30:28 (J), name Is 62:2 (י׳ subj.; cf. Niph.); pt. pass. noted, distinguished Am 6:1. Niph. Pf. 3 pl. in phr. נִקְּבוּ בְשֵׁמוֹת (אֲשֶׁר) who were pricked off, designated, by name Nu 1:17 1 Ch 12:32 (v 31 van d. H), 16:41 2 Ch 28:15; 31:19, cf. Ezr 8:20.

†i. [נֶ֫קֶב S^, TWOT GK^, ] n.[m.] term. techn. of jeweller’s work, prob. some hole or cavity (Hi-Sm Co Berthol; Toy leaves untransl.),—only pl. sf. תֻּפֶּיךָ וּנְקָבֶיךָ Ez 28:13 thy sockets and thy grooves (Da), or thy settings and thy sockets.

†ii. נֶ֫קֶב S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. only in אֲדָמִי הַנּ׳ Jos 19:33 (G Αρμε καὶ Ναβωκ; A Αρμαι καὶ Νακεβ; GL Αδεμμη αννεκβ); on border of Naphtali; appar. a pass (Arabic نَقْبٌ (naqbun), road between mountains.)

†נְקֵבָה S TWOT GK n.f. female (perforata (Ba ¹⁶⁶); so Thes and most; > another view in Schwally ^{xi (1891), 181 f.; 57}; NH = BH; Aramaic נוּקְבָּא, נוּקְבְּתָא, ܢܶܩܒܳܐ, ܢܶܩܒܬܳܐ (neqbo, neqbto));—always abs. נ׳ Je 31:22 + 21 times (all Pent., and all P except Dt 4:16): 1. woman (or female child) Je 31:22 (opp. גֶּבֶר), Gn 1:27; 5:2 Lv 12:5, 7; 15:33; 27:4, 5, 6, 7 Nu 5:3 (all opp. זָכָר), Nu 31:15. 2. female animal Gn 6:19; 7:3, 9, 16 Lv 3:1, 6 (all opp. זָכָר), 4:28, 32; 5:6.—Dt 4:16 (opp. זָכָר) may include both women and animals.

†i. מַקֶּ֫בֶת S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.f. hammer (by means of which one drives in nails and pegs);—abs. מ׳ Ju 4:21; ( + יָתֵד); elsewhere pl. מַקָּבוֹת 1 K 6:7 ( + גַּרְזֶן); Is 44:12 Je 10:4 ( + מַסְמְרוֹת).—On name Maccabee v. Schürer ^{i. 158}.

†ii. מַקֶּ֫בֶת S^, TWOT^, GK^, n.f. hole, excavation;—only cstr. מ׳ בּוֹר Is 51:1 (fig.), excavation of a pit, = quarry (|| צוּר).

†II. [נָקַב S TWOT GK^, ] vb. curse (perhaps akin to I. נקב; perhaps secondary format. from קָבַב, q.v. for forms יִקֹּב, קֹב, etc.);—Qal Inf. sf. נָקְבוֹ שֵׁם Lv 24:16; Pt. נֹקֵב שֵׁם י׳ v 16 (on text v. Di, Gei ²⁷⁴ Dalm^{Adonai 44 f.}).

I. נקד TWOT^, (√ of foll.; NH נָקַד point, furnish with points; cf. Syriac ܢܩܰܙ (nqaz) (very rare) PS²⁴⁵³; n. ܢܽܘܩܙܳܐ (nuqzo), but also ܢܽܘܩܕܳܐ (nuqdo) point, mark; vbs. perhaps denom.; Arabic نَقَطَ (naqaṭa) point or dot (letter, word, etc.), ii. make specks, spots, on garment, etc., prob. loan-word Frä ¹⁹⁵; Di ^{Lex. 648} cp. Ethiopic ነቅዘ (naqza) be decayed, worm-eaten (of wood, bread, etc.)).

†נָקַד adj. speckled;—only of sheep and goats; נ׳ Gn 30:32⁽⁾, fpl. נְקֻדּוֹת v 35 (all || טָלוּא), mpl. נְקֻדִּים v 39 (|| id. + עֲקֻדִּים;—all these J); mpl. also 31:8⁽⁾ and ( + עֲקֻדִּים, בְּרֻדִּים) v 10, 12 (all E).

†[נִקּוּד S TWOT GK] n.[m.] perhaps what is crumbled or easily crumbles, crumb (cf. נְקֻדָּה);—only pl. 1. crumbs: כֹּל לֶחֶם צֵידָם יָבֵשׁ֭ הָיָה נִקֻּדִים Jos 9:5 all the bread of their provision was dry (and) become crumbs (G βεβρωμένος[οι]; B in frusta comminuti), cf. יָבֵשׁ וְהָיָה נ׳ v 12 (v. Di Benn). 2. appar. a kind of (hard) biscuit or cake 1 K 14:3 (brought as present; + לֶחֶם, etc.).

†[נְקֻדָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. point, or drop;—only pl. cstr. תּוֹרֵי זָהָב נַעֲשֶׂה־לָּךְ עִם נְקֻדּוֹת הַכָּ֑סֶף Ct 1:11 rows (strings or chains) of gold will we make for thee, with points of silver.

II. נקד TWOT^, (√ of foll. cf. Arabic نَقَدٌ (naqadun) a kind of small sheep with very abundant wool (Jacob^{Altarab. , 1897, 83}), whence نَقَّادٌ (naqqādun) shepherd of this kind of sheep; נקד perhaps MI ³⁰; Assyrian nâḳidu Dl ⁴⁷⁹; cf. NH נוֹקֵד (rare)).

†נֹקֵד S TWOT GK n.m. sheep-raiser, -dealer, or -tender (Lag^{NB 108})—abs. נ׳ 2 K 3:4 (of Mesha, king of Moab); pl. אֲשֶׁר הָיָה בַנֹּקְדִים מִתְּקוֹעַ Am 1:1 (of Amos, v. Dr; cf. 7:14, where read נוקד for בוקר according to We Now Dr, not GASm, v. Bu infr.); perhaps gloss, cf. Bu^{Kohut-Memorial, 106 f.} Now^{ad loc.}

†נְקוֹדָא S GK n.pr.m. head of a family of Nethinim Ezr 2:48, 60 = Ne 7:50, 62, G Νεκωθα, Νεχωδα.

†[נָקָה S TWOT GK] vb. be empty (?), clean (Ecclus 16:11b Niph. Impf. ינקה be unpunished, so 40:15; 31:5 = Pr 28:20; NH Pi. = BH; Aramaic נְקָא Pa. = BH, adj. נְקֵא clean; Ph. נקי adj. pure; Palm. נקא be clean (perhaps) in n.pr. Sachau ^{xxxv (1881), 735} Lzb³²⁵; Assyrian nâḳû, pour out, pour libation, make offering, nikû, libation, offering; Old Aramaic נקיה perhaps = נוּקָיָה libation (Lzb³²⁶), cf. Syriac ܢܽܘܩܳܝܳܐ (nuqoyo) Cook⁸³; Syriac ܢܰܩܺܝ (naqi) Pa. pour out, make a libation; T נְקָא Pa. = cleanse (with lye) Is 1:25; adj. נְקֵא clean of bread or fruit Gn 40:16 T^{J i}, Dt 6:3 T^{J ii}, = exempt (BH נָקִי) 1 K 15:22. on the other hand, Arabic نَقِىَ (naqiya) purus, mundus fuit Kam. Frey; ii. cleanse, etc., Lane³⁰³⁷.—Orig. meaning prob. empty out, hence pour and be empty, clean);—Qal Inf. abs. נָקֹה Je 49:12 (נָקֹה תִּנָּקֶה, prob. error for הנקה ת׳, cf. Je 25:29).

Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִקָּה Zc 5:3 + 5 times; f. נִקְּתָה Nu 5:28; נִקָּ֑תָה Is 3:26; 2 ms. נִקֵּיתָ Gn 24:8; 1 s. נִקֵּיתִי Ju 15:3 + 2 times; Impf. יִנָּקֶה Pr 6:29 + 6 times; 2 ms. תִּנָּקֶה Gn 24:41 + 2 times; pl. תִּנָּקוּ Je 25:29⁽⁾; Imv. הִנָּקִי Nu 5:19; Inf. הִנָּקֵה Je 25:29;— 1. be cleaned out, of a plundered city Is 3:26; purged out, of liars and perjurers Zc 5:3⁽⁾. 2. be clean, free from guilt, innocent, Je 2:35 c. מִן, מִפֶּשַׁע ψ 19:14; מֵעָוֹן Nu 5:31 (P); מִפְּלִשְׁתִּים from (at the hands of) the Philistines Ju 15:3. 3. be free, exempt from punishment, abs. Ex 21:19 (E) Nu 5:28 (P) 1 S 26:9; לֹא יִנָּקֶה Pr 6:29; 11:21; 16:5; 17:5; 19:5, 9; 28:20 Je 25:29⁽⁾ 49:12b, נָקֹה תִּנָּקֶה v 12a. 4. free, exempt from obligation, c. מִן, from oaths Gn 24:8, 41 (J); מִמֵּי הַמָּרִים from effects of drinking the bitter water Nu 5:19 (P).

Piel Pf. 1 s. נִקֵּיתִי Jo 4:21 (G S נִקַּמְתִּי; so Now SS Buhl); Impf. 3 ms. יְנַקֶּה Ex 20:7 + 2 times; יְנַקֵּ֑ה Nu 14:18 Na 1:3; 2 ms. sf. תְּנַקֵּנִי Jb 9:28; 10:14; תְּנַקֵּהוּ 1 K 2:9; 1 s. sf. אֲנַקֶּ֑ךָּ Je 30:11; 46:28; Imv. sf. נַקֵּנִי ψ 19:13; Inf. abs. נַקֵּה Ex 34:7 + 4 times;— 1. hold innocent, acquit, Jb 9:28; מֵעֲוֹנִי Jb 10:14; מִנִּסְתָּרוֹת ψ 19:13. 2. leave unpunished: of man, c. acc. 1 K 2:9; elsewhere of God: abs. נַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה Ex 34:7⁽⁾ = Nu 14:18⁽⁾ (all J) = Na 1:3⁽⁾; c. acc. לֹא יְנַקֶּה Ex 20:7 = Dt 5:11; נַקֵּה לֹא אֲנַקֶּךָּ Je 30:11⁽⁾ = 46:28⁽⁾, cf. Jo 4:21⁽⁾ (but v. supr.).

†נָקִי S TWOT GK adj. clean, free from, exempt;—נ׳ Gn 24:41 + 31 times; cstr. נְקִי ψ 24:4; pl. נְקִיִּים Je 2:34; נְקִיִּם Gn 44:10 + 6 times;— 1. free from guilt, clean, innocent, || צַדִּיק: נָקִי וְצַדִּיק Ex 23:7 (E), נָקִי innocent person Jb 4:7; 17:8; 22:19, 30; 27:17 ψ 10:8; 15:5 Pr 1:11; נקיים Jb 9:23; דם נקי innocent blood, first used in D, Dt 19:10; 27:25 1 S 19:5 2 K 21:16; 24:4 ψ 94:21; 106:38 Pr 6:17 Is 59:7 Je 7:6; 22:3; 26:15; דם הנקי Dt 19:13 2 K 24:4 Je 22:17; הדם הנקי Dt 21:9; דם נקיים Je 19:4; נָקִי מִדְּמֵי 2 S 3:28 (+ מֵעִם י׳); נְקִי כַפַּיִם ψ 24:4; אביונים נקיים Je 2:34. 2. free from punishment Ex 21:28 (E) 2 S 14:9. 3. free, exempt from obligations Gn 44:10 (J); from service in war Nu 32:22 (P; + מִן pers., v. מִן 2 d), Dt 24:5 1 K 15:22 (cf. Arabic نَقِىَّ (naqiyya) and Wetzst ^{xxii (1868), 129}); c. מן, from oaths Gn 24:41 (J) Jos 2:17, 19, 20 (JE).

†נָקִיא S TWOT^, GK^, adj. innocent;—דָּם נָקִיא innocent blood Jo 4:19 Jon 1:14 (both Kt; Qr נָקִי).

†נִקָּיוֹן S TWOT GK n.[m.] innocency;—נ׳ ψ 26:6; 73:13; נִקָּיֹן Ho 8:5; cstr. נִקְּיוֹן Am 4:6; נִקְיֹן Gn 20:5;— 1. freedom from guilt, innocency: נ׳ כַּפַּי Gn 20:5 (R^JE); אֶרְחַץ בנ׳ כַּפָּ֑י ψ 26:6 I will wash my hands in innocency = 73:13. 2. freedom from punishment Ho 8:5. 3. in physical sense, נִקְיוֹן שִׁנַּיִם cleanness of teeth (without food) Am 4:6 (but read perhaps after G S T קַהֲיוֹן bluntness, so Lag ²⁰¹).

†[מְּנַקִּיָּה, מְּנַקִּית] n.f. sacrificial bowl;—pl. מְנַקִּיּוֹת Je 52:19; מְנַקִּיֹּת Nu 4:7; sf. מְנַקִּיֹּתָיו Ex 25:29; 37:16.

נקט v. קוט.

†[נָקַם S TWOT GK] vb. avenge, take vengeance (Ecclus 46^{1 e} להנקם נקמי אויב (Niph. + acc. cogn.); נקם n. also 12:6 (cf. Dt 32:41), 39:30; 48:7; NH נָקַם especially in deriv.; Aramaic נְקַם (rare), ܢܩܰܡ (nqam) in der. species; Arabic نَقَمَ (naqama) take vengeance (عَلَ (˓ala) upon), Lane³⁰³⁷; cf. Ethiopic ቂም (qim) Di⁴⁵⁸ vindictae studium, ultionis cupido; Assyrian iḳḳimu, vengeance, requital, is poss. from √ אקם Jäger ^{ii. 279});—Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. נְקָמַ֫נִי 1 S 24:13; Impf. יִקּוֹם Dt 32:43; יִקֹּם Jos 10:13; 2 ms. תִּקֹּם Lv 19:18; Inf. abs. נָקֹם Ex 21:20; cstr. נְקֹם Ez 24:8; 25:12; Imv. נְקֹם Nu 31:2; Pt. נֹקֵם Na 1:2 + 3 times; f. נֹקֶ֫מֶת Lv 26:25;— 1. avenge, take vengeance: a. God subj. דַּם עֲבָדָיו יִקּוֹם Dt 32:43 the blood of his servants he avengeth (against those who slew them) ( + 1 K 2:5 GL Klo); נ׳ abs. Na 1:2⁽⁾ c. לְ (agst. Nineveh) Na 1:2; נ׳ נָקָם (agst. Jerus.) Ez 24:8; עַל־עֲלִילוֹתָם on their doings (his people’s) ψ 99:8; נ׳ נְקַם בְּרִית Lv 26:25 (H) the vengeance of the covenant (against those who break it); נְקָמַנִי, 1 S 24:13, c. מִן of pers. from whom vengeance is taken (cp. Je 20:10). b. Israel and its leaders against their enemies, נ׳ נקמה c. מִן against whom Nu 31:2 (P); c. acc. יִקֹּם אֹיְבָיו Jos 10:13 (poem). c. Edom against Judah נ׳ נקם לְּ Ez 25:12. d. in administration of justice agst. murder Ex 21:20 (E). 2. entertain revengeful feelings (opp. אהב) against neighbour forbidden Lv 19:18 (H).

Niph. Pf. 1 s. נִקַּ֫מְתִּי Ju 15:7 1 S 14:24; 3 mpl. נִקְּמוּ Ez 25:12; Impf. יִנָּקֵם Ex 21:20; 1 s. אִנָּֽקְמָה Ju 16:28 Is 1:24; 3 mpl. יִנָּֽקְמוּ Ez 25:15; Inf. הִנָּקֵם Je 46:10 + 2 times; Imv. הִנָּֽקֶם Je 15:15; pl. הִנָּֽקְמוּ Je 50:15:— 1. avenge oneself, a. י׳ subj. c. מִן of adversary Is 1:24 Je 46:10; c. מִן advers., לְ for whom Je 15:15; c. בְּ adversary Je 50:15. b. of Israel and champions c. מִן Ju 16:28 1 S 14:24 Est 8:13; c. בְּ Ju 15:7 1 S 18:25. c. of enemies against Israel נ׳ נקם Ez 25:15; c. בְּ Ez 25:12. 2. suffer vengeance (of law against murder) Ex 21:20 (E). Piel Pf. 1 s. נִקַּ֫מְתִּי 2 K 9:7 Je 51:36;—avenge, י׳ subj. דָּמִים מיד 2 K 9:7 blood at hands of; נ׳ נִקְמָתֵךָ Je 51:36 take vengeance for thee.

Hoph. Impf. יֻקַּם Gn 4:24 Ex 21:21, יֻקָּ֑ם Gn 4:15 be avenged, vengeance be taken (for blood).

Hithp. Impf. תִּתְנַקֵּם Je 5:9, 29; 9:8; Pt. תִתְנַקֵּם ψ 8:3; 44:17; avenge oneself, י׳ subj. לֹא תִתְנַקֵּם נַפְשִׁי בְּ׳ Je 5:9, 29; 9:8; of Israel’s enemies אוֹיֵב וּמִתְנַקֵּם ψ 8:3; 44:17.

†נָקָם S TWOT GK n.m. vengeance;—נ׳ Dt 32:35 + 14 times; cstr. נְקַם Lv 26:25 Ju 16:28;— 1. taken by God, abs. Ez 24:8 ψ 58:11; נ׳ בְּרִית vengeance of the covenant Lv 26:25 (H); יוֹם נקם Is 34:8; 61:2; 63:4; בִּגְדֵי נ׳ Is 59:17; לִי נָקָם וְשִׁלֵּם Dt 32:35; לקח נ׳ Is 47:3; נ׳ יבוא Is 35:4; c. acc. adversary עשׂה נ׳ Mi 5:14; c. לְ advers. חשׁיב נ׳ Dt 32:41, 43. 2. Samson against Philistines, נקם נ׳ Ju 16:28. 3. enemies against Judah, abs. Ez 25:12, 15; individual enemy יום נ׳ Pr 6:34.

†נְקָמָה S TWOT GK n.f. vengeance (on format. cf. Lag ¹⁴³);—נ׳ Je 46:10 + 3 times; cstr. נִקְמַת Nu 31:2 + 7 times; sf. נִקְמָתִי Ez 25:14 + 7 times sfs.; pl. נְקָמוֹת Ju 11:36 + 5 times; נְקָמֹת 2 S 22:48;— 1. vengeance of God, abs. Ez 25:14; נקם נ׳ Je 51:36; נִקְמַת דַּם ψ 79:10; אֵל נְקָמוֹת 94:1⁽⁾; עֵת נ׳ Je 51:6; יוֹם נ׳ Je 46:10; נ׳ יהוה 50:15, 28; 51:11; נ׳ הֵיכָלוֹ 50:28; 51:11; c. בְּ of adversary, נתן נ׳ Ez 25:14, 17; עשׂה נ׳ Ez 25:17; c. מִן of adversary נתן נ׳ 2 S 4:8 עשׂה נ׳ Ju 11:36; נִקְמָֽתְךָ מֵהֶם Je 11:20; 20:12; c. לְ for whom נתן נ׳ 2 S 22:48 = ψ 18:48. 2. of Israel and its chiefs נקם נ׳ מן Nu 31:2 (P); c. בְ׳, נתן ני׳ Nu 31:3 (P) עשׂה נ׳ ψ 149:7. 3. enemies of Israel abs. La 3:60; עשׂה בנקמה Ez 25:15; of Jeremiah לקח נ׳ מן Je 20:10.

†[נָקַע S TWOT GK] vb. be [severed, fig.] alienated, estranged (cf. Arabic نَقَعَ (naqa˓a) split, rend, sacrifice RS^{. i. 471 f.; 2d ed. 491}; Ethiopic ነቅዐ (naq˓a) split up, open (intrans.) Di⁶⁴⁷; NH נֶקַע cleft, Syriac ܢܶܩܥܳܐ (neq˓o) id.);—Qal Pf. 3 fs. נָֽקְעָה נַפְשִׁי מֵעַל Ez 23:18 my soul was estranged from her sister (|| יָקַע), cf. v 22, 28 (both c. מִן).

†I. [נָקַף S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. strike off (NH strike, wound, Aramaic נְקַף id.; Arabic نَقَفَ (naqafa) fregit caput, ut cerebrum appareret; Vulg.Ar. snap with the finger (Dozy^{ii, 716}); Assyrian naḳpu prob. = mutilated; Ethiopic ነቀፈ (naqafa) peel, flay Di⁶⁴⁹);—Niph. Pf. 3 ms. וְנִקַּף סִבְכֵי הַיַּ֫עַר consec. Is 10:34 and the thickets of the forest shall be struck away (on sg. vb. cf. Ges ^{145 o} Da ^{§ 113 b}; or read נִקְּפוּ;—form poss. Pi., but cf. Di Du Che). Pi. Pf. 3 pl. וְאַחַר עוֹרִי נִקְּפוּ־זֹאת Jb 19:26 after my skin, which they (Ges ^{144 g}) have struck off (alluding to ravages of his disease)—this! but text dub.; Bu נִקַּף כָּזֹאת (Niph.) which has been thus struck off.

†נֹ֫קֶף S TWOT GK n.[m.] striking off;—only cstr. כְּנֹקֶף זַיִת as (at) the striking of olive-trees Is 17:6; 24:13 (sim. of fewness of people after י׳’s judgment).

II. [נָקַף S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. go around (intrans.), (Ecclus 45:9 Hiph. ויקיפהו surround something with (2 acc.); Pf. 3 fs. הקיפה 43:12 (acc. + ב instr.); NH Hiph. הִקִּיף = BH; also = cling to, be attached, joined to, and so Aramaic אַקֵּיף (Aph.), ܢܩܶܦ (nqep));—Qal Impf. חַגִּים יִנְקֹ֑פוּ Is 29:1 (fig.) let feasts go around, i.e. run the round (of the year). Hiph. Pf. הִקִּיף Jb 19:6; 3 fs. הִקִּ֫יפָה Is 15:8; 3 pl. הִקִּ֫יפוּ Jb 1:5 ψ 88:18, וְהִקִּיפוּ consec. 2 Ch 23:7, sf. הִקִּיפוּנִי ψ 22:17; 2 mpl. וְהִקַּפְתֶּם consec. 2 K 11:8; Impf. וַיַּקַּף La 3:5; 3 mpl. יַקִּ֫יפוּ ψ 17:9, וַיַּקִּ֫פוּ 2 K 6:14; 2 mpl. תַּקִּ֫פוּ Lv 19:27; Imv. mpl. sf. הָקִּיפ֫וּהָ ψ 48:13; Inf. abs. הָקֵּיף Jos 6:3, הָקֵּף v 11; Pt. pl. מַקִּ(י)פִים 1 K 7:24 2 Ch 4:3;— 1. go around, surround, encompass: a. go around, c. acc. of city, Jos 6:3 cf. v 11 (acc. om.), ψ 48:13 (all || סָבָב); also (fig.) הִקִּ֫יפָה הַזְּעָקָה אֶת־ Is 15:8 the cry hath gone about the border of Moab. b. surround, encompass, enclose, usually c. עַל־: וַיַּקִּ֫פוּ עַל־הָעִיר 2 K 6:14 and they closed in upon the city (beleaguered it); c. עַל pers. 2 K 11:8 ( + סָבִיב), ψ 17:9; 88:18 (|| סָבַב), + acc. rei Jb 19:6 he hath closed his net in upon me, cf. La 3:5; less often c. acc. pers. ψ 22:17 (|| סָבַב), 2 Ch 23:7 (|| 2 K 11:8; + סָבִיב), also of inanim. things 1 K 7:24 = 2 Ch 4:3 (both + סָבִיב, || סָבַב). 2. make the round, i.e. complete the circuit הִקּ׳ יְמֵי הַמִּשְׁתֶּה Jb 1:5 when the days of feasting had completed their circuit. 3. make round, round off (lit.): לֹא תַקּ׳ פְּאַת רֹאשְׁכֶם Lv 19:27 (|| לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֵת פְּאַת זְקָנֶ֑ךָ), of heathen rite.

†נִקְפָּה S TWOT GK n.f. encircling rope (of captive), תַּחַת חֲגוֹרָה נִקְפָּה Is 3:24.

נקק TWOT (√ of foll. cf. Ethiopic ንቃቅ (nəqāq) rima, fissura, Di⁶⁴⁵; NH נָקִיק (rare) cleft of rock).

†[נָקִיק S TWOT GK] n.m. cleft of rock;—only cstr.: sg. נְקִיק הַסָּ֑לַע Je 13:4; pl. נְקִיקֵי הַסְּלָעִים Is 7:19 (|| נַחֲלֵי הַבַּתּוֹת), Je 16:16.

†[נָקַר S TWOT GK] vb. bore, pick, dig (NH id., Aramaic נְקַר, ܢܩܰܪ (nqar) id.; Arabic نَقَرَ (naqara) perforate, bore out, hollow out Lane²⁸³⁸; Ethiopic ነቈረ (naqʷara) be one-eyed Di⁶⁴⁵);—Qal Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יִקְּרוּהָ Pr 30:17; Inf. נְקוֹר 1 S 11:2, both of boring, or picking out eye (acc.). Pi. Impf. 2 ms. תְּנַקֵּר Nu 16:14 (JE), 3 mpl. וַיְנַקְּרוּ Ju 16:21 both of boring out eyes (acc.); Pf. 3 ms. נִקַּר Jb 30:17 he (or it, i.e. the night) boreth my bones מֵעָלָ֑י (of effects of elephantiasis; Bu reads נֻקַּר). Pu. Pf. 2 mpl. נֻקַּרְתֶּם Is 51:1 the quarry (from wh.) ye were digged.

†[נְקָרָה S TWOT GK] n.f. hole, crevice;—cstr. הַצּוּר נִקְרַת Ex 33:22; pl. cstr. נִקְרוֹת הַצֻּרִים Is 2:21 (|| סְעִפֵי הַסְּלָעִים).

†[נָקַשׁ S TWOT GK] vb. knock, stricke, only in specif. sense of hit, strike or bring down (a bird), and only fig. (Ecclus ינקש 41:2c striketh against (ב; margin ונוקש), so נוקש ב 13:2c; NH knock, strike e.g. the knees, or a door (so Hiph.); Aramaic (incl. Biblical Aramaic) נְקַשׁ id., ܢܩܰܫ (nqaš) fixit, impegit, percussit, etc. (Arabic نَقَشَ (naqaša) strike in carve, etc., is loan-wd. Frä¹⁹⁴);—the Heb. vb. appar. means bring down with a [certain kind of] stick, perhaps like a boomerang, v. descript. and illustr. in Wilkinson^{Manners and Customs of Egypt, (new ed. 1878), ii. 103 f. 109 f.} Erman^{Ægypten 323} WMM ^{123 f.});—Qal Pt. נוֹקֵשׁ ψ 9:17 he (י׳) striketh down the wicked (so Hup-Now De Che); Vrss Ol Ew Bae Kau We Buhl^Lex read נוֹקַשׁ, Niph. from יקשׁ. Niph. Impf. 2 ms. תִּנָּקֵשׁ אַחֲרֵיהֶם Dt 12:30 lest thou be thrust (impelled) after them. Pi. Impf. יְנַקֵּשׁ ψ 109:11 let the creditor strike at, take aim at (ל); 3 mpl. וַיְנַקְּשׁוּ 38:13 (abs.). Hithp.