†[סָכַל S TWOT GK] vb. be foolish, or a fool, usually in moral or spiritual sense (Syriac ܣܟܰܠ (skal), Aph. act foolishly; ܣܰܟܠܴܐ (saklo) foolish, etc., T סְכַל der. species, act foolishly; סַכְלָא fool; Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܣܟܠ (skl) Aph. = ἁμαρτάνω, also deriv. Schwally ⁶²; Assyrian saklu, perhaps foolish, Dl ⁴⁹⁸; Aramaic ܣܟܰܠ (skal), סְכַל know, be intelligent, cause to understand, etc. (der. species), cf. שׂכל; Me^{Chrest. Targ.} derives both these opp. meanings from Arabic شَكْلٌ (šaklun) form, likeness Gerber¹⁷⁸ thinks Heb. vb. denom.);—Piel Impf. יְסַכֵּל Is 44:25, Imv. סַכֶּל־נָא 2 S 15:31, make foolish, turn into foolishness. Niph. Pf. 2 ms. נִסְכַּלְתָּ 2 Ch 16:9; נִסְכָּ֑לְתָּ 1 S 13:13; 1 s. נִסְכַּלְתִּי 2 S 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8, act or do foolishly. Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הִסְכַּלְתָּ Gn 31:28 (E), 1 s. הִסְכַּלְתִּי 1 S 26:21, do foolishly, play the fool.

†סָכָל S TWOT GK n.m. fool (on format. cf. Lag ⁴⁸);—Je 5:21 Ec 2:19; 7:17; 10:3⁽⁾, 14; pl. adj. סְכָלִים Je 4:22.

†סֶ֫כֶל S TWOT GK n.m. folly;—Ec 10:6.

†סִכְלוּת S TWOT GK, שִׂכְלוּת S TWOT^, GK^, n.f. folly;—ס׳ Ec 2:3, 12, 13; 7:25; 10:1, 13; שׂ׳ Ec 1:17 (שׂ erroneously for ס).

†I. [סָכַן S^, TWOT^{, ,} GK^{, , ,} ] vb. be of use or service, benefit (TelAm. sakânu, care for (c. prep. ana) Zim ^{vi. 248} Wkl ; Ph. סכן prefect Lzb³²⁹; cf. perhaps TelAm. zukini as loan-word Wkl);—Qal Impf. 3 ms. only Jb.: יִסְכֹּן 22:2, -וֹן 15:3, יִסְכָּן־ 22:2 + 2 times; Pt. סֹכֵן Is 22:15; f. סֹכֶ֫נֶת 1 K 1:2, 4;— 1. be of use or service, only pt. וּתְהִי לוֹ ס׳ 1 K 1:2 and let her become servitress to him, so v 4 ( + וַתְּשָׁרֲתֵהוּ); סֹכֵן Is 22:15 = servitor, steward. 2. benefit, profit, abs. Jb 15:3; c. לְ pers. 22:2; 35:3, עַל־ pers. 22:2; c. acc. 34:9 (or abs. gain benefit, גבר subj.). Hiph. Pf. 1 s. הִסְכַּ֫נְתִּי Nu 22:20; 2 ms. הִסְכַּ֑נְתָּה ψ 139:3; Imv. הַסְכֶּן־נָא Jb 22:21; Inf. abs. הַסְכֵּן Nu 22:30;—be used, wont, strictly exhibit use, or habit, הַהַסְכֵּן הִסְכַּנְתִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת לְךָ כֹּה Nu 22:30 (J) have I ever shewn the habit of doing thus to thee? hence shew harmony with (עִם) one Jb 22:21, be familiar with, known intimately (subj. י׳) ψ 139:3 (c. acc. דְּרָכַי).

†מִסְכְּנוֹת S TWOT GK n.f.pl. supply, storage (Dl ¹⁸⁶);—עָרֵי (הַ)מ׳ Ex 1:11 (J), 1 K 9:19 = 2 Ch 8:6, 2 Ch 8:4; 17:12; מ׳ ע׳ 16:4 prob. corrupt (Be al.; v. עִיר); מ׳ alone 32:28 7.

II. סָכַן S^, TWOT^{, ,} GK^{, , ,} ] vb. incur danger (late) (NH id. Pi. endanger, Hiph. be endangered, סַכָּנָה danger, etc.; Aramaic סְכַן id., cf. Levy ^{iii. 526 ???} De ^{203; 194});—Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִסָּ֫כֶן בָּם Ec 10:9 he that cleaveth (logs of) wood endangers himself by them.

†III. [סָכַן S^, TWOT^{, ,} GK^{, , ,} ] vb. (so most) be poor, but v. infr.;—Pu. Pt. הַמְסֻכָּן תְּרוּמָה Is 40:20 usually, he who is impoverished in respect to offering, but very dub.; v. conject. in Du (against him Di-Kit) Skinner Zim ^{ix. 111} Che.—מִסְכֵּן poor, מִסְכֵּנֻת poverty, v. p. 587.

[סִכְסֵךְ] v. sub IV. שׂכך.

†I. [סָכַר S^, TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, ,} ] vb. shut up, stop up (Aramaic סְכַר, ܣܟܰܪ (skar) shut up, stop up, dam up; Arabic سَكَرَ (sakara) fill, stop up, dam (river), etc., also close, stop up door, Lane¹³⁹⁰; Assyrian sikệru, dam up, ii. 2. stop ears; cf. sikkuru, bolt Dl ⁴⁹⁹; appar. kindr. with סגר;—hence Egyptian t’akar, barrier, Bondi⁸⁸);—Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִסָּכֵר פִּי וגו׳ ψ 63:12 the mouth of liars shall be stopped; 3 mpl. וַיִּסָּֽכְרוּ Gn 8:2 (P) and the springs of the deep etc., were shut up. Pi. Pf. וְסִכַּרְתִּ֫י אֶת־מִצְרַיִם בְּיַד Is 19:4 and I will shut up (deliver) Egypt into the hand of, etc. (cf. סגר, מגן).

†II. [סָכַר S^, TWOT^{, , ,} GK^{, ,} ] vb. hire (= שָׂכַר; ס erroneously for שׂ);—only Qal Pt. pl. וְסֹכְרִים Ezr 4:5 and hiring against (על) them agents.

†[סָכַת S TWOT GK] vb. be silent (Arabic سَكَتَ (sakata) id., Lane¹³⁸⁹; Sam. סכת (skt) pay attention, cf. Thes; Arabic = also be quiet (in gen.), = Syriac ܫܟܰܬ (škat), a differentiated √?);—Hiph. declar. shew silence: Imv. ms. תַסְכֵּת Dt 27:9 keep silence and listen (cf. נִסְכַּת Ecclus 13:23).

סַל S TWOT GK v. סלל.

†סִלָּא S GK word in (unintelligible) design. loc., בֵּית מִלֹא הַיֹּרֵד ס׳ 2 K 12:21; Th conj. מְסִלָּה highway, Klo בְּמוֹרַד מִלֹא other conj. in Benz.

†[סָלָא S TWOT GK] vb. weigh (Arabic سَلَأَ (sala˒a) pay promptly Lane¹³⁹⁸; cf. Sab. סלא consecrate, devote Hom ^{xivi (1892), 531; Sud. Arab. Chrest. 124});—only Pu. Pt. הַמְסֻלָּאִים בַּפָּ֑ז La 4:2 they who were weighed against gold, reckoned of such value.—Cf. also II. סלה.

†[סָלַד S TWOT GK] vb. very dubious, perhaps spring (NH start or spring back, as hand from fire; v. Levy);—Pi. Impf. 1 s. וַאֲסַלְּדָה Jb 6:10 and I would spring (for joy) in (my) anguish.

†סֶ֫לֶד S GK n.pr.m. in Judah 1 Ch 2:30⁽⁾, G Σαλαδ, GL Σαλεδ.

†I. [סָלָה S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. make light of, toss aside (cf. Assyrian salû, throw off, shake off (yoke) Dl⁵⁰⁰; Arabic سلو, سَلَا (slw, salā) is be forgetful, neglectful Lane¹⁴¹⁷ Aramaic סְלָא despise, ܣܠܴܐ (slo) reject);—Qal Pf. 2 ms. סָלִיתָ ψ 119:118 thou dost make light of all those that err from thy statutes.—Cf. also סַלּוֹן infr. Pi. intens. Pf. 3 ms. סִלָּה La 1:15 Adonay hath flouted at my mighty ones.

†II. [סָלָה S TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. weigh, balance (|| form of סָלָא q.v.);—Pu. Impf. 3 fs. לֹא־תְסֻלֶּה בְּכֶתֶם Jb 28:16 it cannot be weighed against (estimated in) gold of Ophir, cf. v 19.

סֶ֫לָה S TWOT GK v. סלל.

†סַלּוּ S GK n.pr.m. a priest, Zerub.’s time, according to Ne 12:7 (GL Σαλουια), = סַלַּי v 20 (GL Σαλουαι; om. BA in both).

†סָלוּא S GK n.pr.m. a Simeonite Nu 25:14, G Σαλμων, A Σαλω, GL Σαλωμ.

†סַלּוּא n.pr.m. a post-exil. Benjamite 1 Ch 9:7 (G Σαλωμ, A Σαλω) = סַלֻּא Ne 11:7 (G Σηλω, GL Σαμαα).

†[סַלּוֹן S TWOT GK], סִלּוֹן S TWOT GK n.m. brier (√ unknown);—סִלּוֹן מַמְאִיר Ez 28:24 a pricking brier (fig. of national distress; || קוֹץ מַכְאִב); pl. סַלּוֹנִים 2:6 ( + סָרָבִים; Co [after Vrss] Berthol [not Toy] read (אותך) סֹרְבִים וְסֹלִים resisting and despising thee; סֹל׳ is then Pt. from I. סלה).

†סַלַּי S GK n.pr.m. 1. Ne 12:20 = סַלּוּ q.v. 2. סַלָּ֑י a Benjamite Ne 11:8, G Σηλε(ε)ι.

†[סָלַח S TWOT GK] vb. forgive, pardon (T סְלַח id., NH סְלִיחָה forgiveness);—Qal Pf. 2 ms. סָלַחְתָּ Ex 34:9 + 9 times, סָלָ֑חְתָּ La 3:42 + 2 times; 1 s. סָלַחְתִּי Nu 14:20 + 2 times; Impf. 3 ms. יִסְלַח 30:6 + 4 times; 1 s. אֶסְלַח Je 31:34 + 3 times + 5:7 Qr (Kt אֶסְלוֹח); Imv. סְלַח Nu 14:19 Am 7:2; סְלָ֑חָה Dn 9:19; Inf. סְלֹחַ Dt 29:19 2 K 24:4; סְלוֹחַ Is 55:7; Pt. act. סֹלֵחַ ψ 103:3;—forgive, pardon, always of God: abs. Nu 14:20 (J), 1 K 8:30, 39 = 2 Ch 6:21, 30, 2 K 24:4 Is 55:7 Am 7:2 La 3:42 Dn 9:19; c. לְ, of the sin Ex 34:9 Nu 14:19 (both J), Je 31:34; 33:8; 36:3 ψ 25:11; 103:3 1 K 8:34, 36 = 2 Ch 6:25, 27, 2 Ch 7:14; + לְ, of sinner Dt 29:19 1 K 8:50 = 2 Ch 6:39, 2 K 5:18⁽⁾ Je 5:1, 7; 50:20, and in law, Nu 30:6, 9, 13 (P). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִסְלַח, c. לְ, term. techn. in code of P it shall be forgiven him לוֹ Lv 4:26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13, 16, 18, 26; 19:22 Nu 15:28; them לָהֶם Lv 4:20 Nu 15:25; לְכָל־עֲדַת וגו׳ v 26.

†סַלָּת adj. ready to forgive, forgiving;—אַתָּה אֲדֹנָי טוֹב וְס׳ ψ 86:5 thou Lord art kind and forgiving.

†סְלִיחָה S TWOT GK n.f. forgiveness (late; on format. v. Kö ^{1, 197});—ס׳ ψ 130:4; pl. abstr. intens. abundant forgiveness, סְלִיחוֹת Ne 9:17, סְלִחוֹת Dn 9:9.

†סַלְכָה S GK n.pr.loc. city on E. border of Bashan, Dt 3:10 Jos 12:5; 13:11 (all D), 1 Ch 5:11; = Nab. צלחד (Lzb³⁵⁸ Cook¹⁰¹), mod. Ṣalḫad, Ṣarḫad on S. spur of Jebel Hauran, c. 63 m. due E. of Jordan; cf. Buhl ²⁵² Dr Dt 3:10; G Σελχα, Ελχα, etc. (Σ lost often after ἕως).

†I. [סָלַל S TWOT GK^, ] vb. lift up, cast up (NH סִלְסֵל esteem highly, סִלְסוּל loftiness, distinction; סוּלָּם ladder; T סוּלְּמָא id.; MI²⁶ מסלת highway; Ph. סלמת stair (?) Lzb³²⁹; Assyrian sellu, sillu, perhaps 8 Dl ⁵⁰¹; but سُلَّمٌ (sullamun) ladder (a loan-wd. according to Schwally ^{liii (1899), 197}), cf. סֻלָּם; v. also ṭrry, 8, Egyptian loan-word from סֹלְלָה according to WMM ¹⁰¹);—Qal Impf. וַיָּסֹ֫לּוּ Jb 19:12; 30:12 Imv. mpl. סֹ֫לּוּ Is 57:14 + 4 times; sf. סָלּוּהָ Je 50:26 (cf. סֶ֫לָה); Pt. pass. סְלוּלָה Je 18:15; סְלֻלָה Pr 15:19;— 1. cast up a highway: ס׳ מְסִלָּה Is 62:10⁽⁾, without obj. Is 57:14⁽⁾, דֶּרֶךְ לֹא סְלוּלָה Je 18:15; fig. of path of upright Pr 15:19. 2. cast up a way: דֶּרֶךְ, c. על against, Jb 19:12 (of besiegr, in fig.), ארה Jb 30:12 (of besetting foe); Bab. as a heap of garbage Je 50:26. 3. lift up (a song) ψ 68:5, c. לְ pers. (|| שׁיר, זמּר; most as 1). Pilp. Imv. sf. סַלְסְלֶהָ Pr 4:8 exalt her (i.e. Wisdom), i.e. (cf. Toy) esteem highly, prize. Hithpô˓. Pt. מִסְתּוֹלֵל Ex 9:17 (J) exalt oneself, c. בְּ against (denom. from סֹלְלָה according to Gerber ⁵²); cf. Ecclus 39:24; 40:28.

†סֶ֫לָה S TWOT GK vb. lift up (voices in ברוך לעולם), or exalt (לעולם י׳) (Imv. of סָלַל (cf. Pr 4:8 ψ 68:5; הִגָּיוֹן סלה 9:17, v. הִגּ׳), properly סֹ֫לָּה, סֶ֫לָה poss. Qr = נֶצַח, Hexapla σελ; but cf. הֶ֫רָה Ew⁵⁵⁴ Kö ^{1, 539}; G Sym Theod διάψαλμα, expl. Suidas μέλους ἐναλλαγή; Theodoret Hippolytus μέλους μεταβολή (cf. Hexapla Hb 3:3 μεταβολὴ διαψάλματος; Syriac Hexapla Aq עוניתא in 5 ψ, Field in ψ 38:12); G adds διάψαλμα, e.g. 2:2; 34:11; 94:15, after final editing of Heb. Psalter; so Psalms of Solomon 17:21; 18:10 on same principles as in MT; used therefore with full knowledge that it indicated some kind of interruption or change in the regular rendering. סלה is used in שמונה עשרה after Benedictions 3, 18, and after other early Jewish prayers, shewing knowledge, c. 100 a.d.; Aq gives ἀεί (Theod also ψ 9:17); Sexta διαπαντός (except 20:4 εἰς τέλος); Quinta εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας; Jer. semper, T usually לעלמא, לעלמין; but 39:6 לחיי עלמא, 44:9 לעלמי עלמין, 48:9 עד עלמי עלמין, 49:14 לעלמא דאתי; uniform tradition best expl. by closing contents of the Benedictions, מהעולם ועד העולם. So Jer classes sela with amen and salom; and Jacob of Edessa in BarHebr 10:1 cp. Christian Amen of the people after Gloria);—this interpr. agrees with usage: 71 times in 39 ψ, 3 times Hb 3 (taken from Minor Psalter למנצח, v. נצח); it occurs at end of 3:9; 24:10; 46:12 (om. G), 9:21 (G combines 9 and 10); elsewhere at close of strophe, 3:3, 5; 4:3, 5; 7:6; 9:17; 24:6; 32:4, 5, 7; 39:6, 12; 46:4, 8; 47:; 49:13 (so read MT v 14 by error) v 16; 50:6; 52:5, 7; 54:5; 59:6, 14; 61:5; 62:5, 9; 66:4, 7, 15; 67:5; 68:20; 76:4, 10; 77:4, 10, 16; 81:8; 82:2; 83:9; 84:5, 9; 88:8, 11; 89:38, 46; 140:4, 6, 9; 143:6; or where citations have been made, 44:9; 55:8; 57:7; 60:6; 67:2; 68:8, 33; 89:5 Hb 3:3, 9; or where extracts might be made for liturgical purposes, 20:4; 21:3; 55:20; 75:4; 85:3; 87:3, 6; 89:49; so 57:3 (G for MT v 4) Hb 3:13.—Of ψ c. סֶלָה, 23 used in Elohistic Psalter, 28 in Director’s Psalter, 39 in final editing of Psalter. These editors found it in earlier Psalters. Davidic Psalter uses 20 of them, so few in proportion that it is not characteristic of this Psalter; but Korahite 9 (out of 12), and Asaph 7 + 80:8 [G] (prob. 8 out of 12); appar. it came into use in time of these editors. In Director’s Psalter musical terms are added to 19 of the 28 it uses (and only to ten others, of which some could hardly use סלה); ψ with סלה all (except 61, 81) name the kind of ψ in title: 3 מִכְתָּם, 7 מַשְׂכִּיל, 10 שִׁיר, 26 (27) others מִזְמוֹר, Hb 3 תְּפִלָּה; ס׳ is especially frequent with שִׁיר and מַשְׂכִּיל, terms associated with musical rendering. It prob. came into use in late Persian period in connexion with ψ used with musical accompaniment in public worship, to indicate place of benedictions. It was not added by later editors to other psalms; but was revived in first century b.c., and continued in use for some time (v. Jacob ^{xvi (1896), 129 f.} Br ¹⁸⁹⁹ EG Briggs ^{Oct. 1899, 1 ff.}).

†סֹלְלָה S TWOT GK n.f. mound;—ס׳ 2 S 20:15 + 7 times; סוֹלְלָה Dn 11:15; pl. סֹלְלוֹת Je 32:24; 33:4.—שָׁפַךְ ס׳ עַל־הָעִיר cast up mound against the city, besieging it, 2 K 19:32 = Is 37:33, Je 6:6 Ez 4:2; 26:8; c. אֶל 2 S 20:15 (error for על); without על העיר Ez 17:17; 21:27 Dn 11:15; without vb. Je 32:24; 33:4.

†סֻלָּם S TWOT GK n.m. ladder;—Gn 28:12 (E).

†מְסִלָּה S^, TWOT GK^, n.f. highway;—מ׳ Is 11:16 + 12 times; cstr. מְסִלַּת Is 7:3 + 3 times; sf. מְסִלָּתוֹ Jo 2:8; pl. מְסִלּוֹת Is 33:8 + 5 times; sf. מְסִלֹּתַי Is 49:11; מְסִלּוֹתָם Ju 5:20 Is 59:7;—raised way, highway, pubic road (never of street in city) Nu 20:19 Ju 20:31, 32, 45; 21:19 1 S 6:12 2 S 20:12⁽⁾, 13 2 K 18:17 = Is 36:2, 1 Ch 26:16, 18 Is 7:3; 11:16; 19:23; 33:8; 49:11; 59:7 Je 31:21; ישּׁר מ׳ Is 40:3; סלל מ׳ Is 62:10; in a fig. sense, of the courses of the stars Ju 5:20; the march of locusts Jo 2:8; the conduct of the upright Pr 16:17; of the ascents to Zion in the mind of the pious ψ 84:6 (G: Bae reads מַעֲלוֹת).—In 2 Ch 9:11 מסלות is error for מִסְעָד(ות) of || 1 K 10:12.

†מַסְלוּל S TWOT GK n.m. highway;—Is 35:8 (foll. ודרך corrupt; G ὁδὸς καθαρά).

II. סלל TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. NH סִלְסֵל plait, curl hair; NH סַל, T סַלָּא, Talm סִילְתָּא, Syriac ܣܰܠܴܐ (salo), Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܣܠܐ (sl˒) all = basket; Arabic سَلٌّ, سَلَّةٌ (sallun, sallatun) loan-wd. Frä^{75 f.}; cf. sull, a round wicker-basket used by women in Palestine for carrying fruit on their heads to market, Baldensperger ^{1904, 135}. Schwally ⁶³).

†סַל S TWOT GK n.m. Gn 40:16 basket;—ס׳ abs. Gn 40:17 +; cstr. Ex 29:23 +; pl. סַלִּים Gn 40:18; cstr. סַלֵּי v 16;—basket Gn 40:16, 17⁽⁾, 18 (E), Ju 6:19; Ex 29:3⁽⁾, 23, 32 Lv 8:2, 26, 31 Nu 6:15, 17, 19.

†[סַלְסִלָּה S TWOT GK] n.[f.] basket according to GB AV RV; but prob. shoot, branch Ew Hi Gf Gie al.; only pl. abs. כְּבוֹצֵר (read prob. יָד) הָשֵׁב יָֽדְךָ עַל־סַלְסִלּוֹת Je 6:9.

סלע TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. Arabic سَلَعَ (sala˓a) cleave, split, سِلْعٌ (sil˓un) cleft, fissure, Lane¹⁴⁰⁶, hence סֶלַע split, jugged cliff, crag, often isolated (split off) rock (cf. Wetzst ^{Is 3:696-707">Is 3:696–707; and especially iii (1883), 273}); then of smaller fragments, NH סֶלַע rock, stone, also scale (of serpent), weight (in trade); Aramaic סִלְעָא specif. weight for coin; Nab. סלע, a coin Lzb³²⁹ Cook⁸⁵).

i. סֶ֫לַע S^, TWOT GK^, ₆₁ n.m. Ju 6:20 crag, cliff, synon. צוּר;—abs. ס׳ Ju 6:20 +, סָ֑לַע Nu 20:10 +; cstr. סֶ֫לַע 1 S 23:23; sf. סַלְעִי 2 S 22:2 +, סַלְעוֹ Is 31:9; pl. סְלָעִים Is 2:21 +;— 1. lit. cliff, crag Ju 6:20 Is 2:21; 7:19 Am 6:12 Nu 20:8⁽⁾, 10⁽⁾, 11 (cf. Ne 9:15 ψ 78:16, and contr. the צוּר of Ex 17:6), Nu 24:21 Dt 32:13 (not elsewhere Hex) Je 13:4, + 9 times; שֵׁנהַסּ׳ 1 S 14:4⁽⁾ tooth of the crag, i.e. sharp crag, so Jb 39:28; excav. in cliff as place of burial Is 22:16; abode of wild animals, יַעֲלֵי־ס׳ v 1, cf. ψ 104:18 Pr 30:26, of birds Jb 39:28 Ct 2:14 (in fig.), cf. Je 48:28, so of Edom Ob 3 = Je 49:16; cf. (Nu 24:21 supr. and) Is 42:11; particular cliffs are: ס׳ עֵיטָם Ju 15:8, 11 cf. v 13, ס׳ (הָ)רִמּוֹן 20:45, 47⁽⁾; 21:13 ס׳ הַמַּחְלְקוֹת 1 S 23:28 cf. v 25; v. also ii. סֶלַע. † 2. fig., especially סַלְעִי of י׳ (only ψ), ψ 18:3 = 2 S 22:2, ψ 31:4; 42:10; 71:3; of Assyrian god Is 31:9 (prob.; cf. צוּר Dt 32:31, 37); צֵל ס׳ כָּבֵד Is 32:2 (sim. of protecting care); fig. of security ψ 40:3 (feet on cliff), מְצָדוֹת סְלָעִים מִשְׂגַּבּוֹ Is 33:16; symb. of obstinacy חִזְּקוּ פְנֵיהֶם מִסּ׳ Je 5:3; צְחִיחַ ס׳ (bare cliff, lit. glare of [the] cliff), in fig. of openness, flagrancy Ez 24:7, 8, of razed city 26:4, 14 (only here Ez); in fig. of fall of Bab. Je 51:25.

†ii. סֶ֫לַע S^, TWOT GK^, n.pr.loc. in Edom, מֵהַסּ׳ Ju 1:36 (del. םֵ, cf. GFM); הַסּ׳ captured in war 2 K 14:7 (and called יָקְתְאֵל); מִסּ׳ Is 16:1; site dub.; old identif. with Petra denied, plausibly, by Buhl^Edom. GFM Ju 1:36 (who thinks of an actual cliff), but held Benz 2 K 14:7 Bd ^{(1898), 206}; G (ἡ) πέτρα.

†סָלְעָם S TWOT GK n.m. an edible, winged, locust (NH id.; swallower, consumer cf. T סַלְעֵם swallow up, destroy; سَلْغَفَ (salğafa) vb. swallow, Kö ^{1, 404});—Lv 11:22 ( + אַרְבֶּה, חַרְגֹּל, חָגָב).

†[סָלַף S TWOT GK vb. twist, pervert, overturn (T סְלַף twist (rare); Arabic سَلَفَ (salafa) is pass, pass away, come to naught Lane ^{1407 f.});—Pi. Impf. 3 ms. יְסַלֵּף Jb 12:19 + 2 times, וַיְסַלֵּף Pr 22:12; 3 fs. תְּסַלֵּף Pr 13:6; 19:3; Pt. מְסַלֵּף Pr 21:12;— 1. pervert, Ex 23:8 (E) a bribe perverteth the case (cause, דִּבְרֵי of righteous, = Dt 16:19. 2. subvert, turn upside down, ruin (only WisdLt): c. acc. pers. Jb 12:19 Pr 13:6 (opp. תִּצֹּר), 21:12; אִוֶּלֶת אָדָם תּ׳ דַּרְכּוֹ 19:3 a man’s folly subverteth his way; וַיְסַלֵּף דִּבְרֵי בֹגֵד 22:12 and he (י׳) subverteth the affairs of a treacherous man.

†סֶ֫לֶף S TWOT GK n.m. Pr 11:3 Qr crookedness, crooked dealing:—ס׳ abs. Pr 15:4 (of tongue); cstr. ס׳ בֹּגְּדִים 11:3.

†[סָלֵק S TWOT GK] vb. ascend (loan-word from Aramaic סְלֵיק, ܣܠܶܩ (sleq); Palm. סלק id., Lzb ³²⁹ Cook ⁸⁵; NH סלק Pi. remove; Arabic سَلَقَ (salaqa) ascend, Lane ¹⁴¹⁰ (also loan-word?));—only Qal Impf. 1 s. אֶסַּק ψ 139:8 if I ascend to heaven (שָׁמַיִם), thou art there (on form, = אֶסְלַק, v. Ges ^{66 e} Kö ³⁰¹ Kau ⁴⁴).

סֹ֫לֶת S TWOT GK₅₃ n.f. Lv 2:5 (cf. on gender Albr ^{xvi (1896), 106}) fine flour (G σεμίδαλις, B simila) (NH id.; Aramaic סוּלְתָּא; Arabic سُلْتٌ (sultun) a kind of barley without husks Lane ¹⁴⁰¹; Assyrian sillatu, or šillatu, a kind of grain (?) Meissner-Rost ^{iii, 361}; also ṯulṯȧ, ṯuruti̥, flour, as loan-word in Egyptian, Bondi ⁸⁴ WMM ¹⁰¹);—abs. ס׳ Gn 18:6 +, cstr. ס׳ Ex 29:2 +; sf. סָלְתָּהּ Lv 2:2;—fine flour, used in king’s household 1 K 5:2 (|| קֶּמַח), for honoured guests קֶמַח ס׳ Gn 18:6 (J), a s^e˒āh of it sold for a shekel in time of scarcity 2 K 7:1, 16, 18 (v. Benz); luxurious food Ez 16:13, 19 (of Jerus. under fig. of woman); elsewhere only in offerings Ez 46:14 1 Ch 9:29; 23:29, and P ס׳ חִטִּים Ex 29:2, ס׳ v 40, Lv 2:1 + 13 times Lv., Nu 6:15 + 26 times Nu.

סַם S TWOT GK v. סמם.

†סַמְגַּר נְבוֹ n.pr.m. an officer of Nebuchad. according to MT Je 39:3 = (assumed) Šumgir Nabu (Schr), but prob. textual error; Gie (plausibly) takes סמגר as crpt. dittogr. of רב מג, and joins נבו to foll., נבושׂרסכים = נְבוּשַׁזְבַּן, cf. v 13 and G Σαμαγωθ (Σαμαγαδ, Σαμαγαρ, etc. καὶ Ναβουσαχαρ.

†[סְמָדֵר S TWOT GK?] also סְמַדַ֔ר֖, סְמָדַ֑ר n.m. Ct 7:13 blossom of grape (just at flowering Duval ^{xiv (1887), 277–81} NH id.; Aramaic סמדד, ܣܡܳܕܪܳܐ (smodro) Mand. סימאדרא Nö ¹²⁸);—always abs. ס׳, only Ct: הַגְּפָנִים סְמָדַר֖ 2:13 the vines are (all) blossom; כְּרָמִים סְמָדַ֑ר v 15 (on bold predicate cf. Ges ^{141 d}); פִּתַּת הַסְּמָדַר 7:13 the blossom has opened (its buds).

סָמַךְ S TWOT GK₄₈ vb. lean, lay, rest, support (NH id.; Ph. in n.pr. Lzb ^{317, 329}; Aramaic סְמַךְ, ܣܡܰܟ (smak); also Ethiopic ((ሰመከ) አስመከ ((samaka) ˒asmaka)) cause to lean upon etc. Di ³³⁵; Arabic سَمَكَ (samaka) is be high, ascend, raise, uplift, سَمْكٌ (samkun) roof);—Qal₄₁ Pf. 3 ms. ס׳ Dt 34:9 Ez 24:2; וְסָמַךְ consec. Am 5:19 +; 3 fs. סָֽמְכָה ψ 88:8, sf. סְמָכָ֑תְהוֹ Is 59:16, סְמָכָ֑תְנִי 63:5, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסְמֹךְ Lv 8:14 Nu 27:23, sf. יִסְמְכֵ֫נִי ψ 3:6, etc.; Imv. ms. sf. סָמְכֵנִי ψ 119:116; Pt. act. סוֹמֵךְ Is 63:5 + 3 times; pl. cstr. סֹמְכֵי Ez 30:6 ψ 54:6; pass. סָמוּךְ Is 26:3 ψ 112:8; pl. סְמוּכִים 111:8;— 1. a. lean or lay hand upon (עַל־): Am 5:19; elsewhere in sacred rite: on head of sacrif. victim, as those who share in sacrif., Ex 29:10, 15, 19 Lv 1:4 + 12 times Lv, Nu 8:12 (all P) 2 Ch 29:23; so of Levites,’ presented to י׳ Nu 8:10 (P); on head of blasphemer Lv 24:14 (P; as witnesses of his guilt); on head of Joshua in consecration (Moses subj.) Nu 27:18, 23 Dt 34:9 (all P). b. intrans. ψ 88:8 thy wrath hath rested upon me (עָלַי); also סָמַךְ מֶלֶךְ־בָּבֶל אֶל־ Ez 24:2 hath leaned against, rested his weight upon, Jerusalem, i.e. invested (Toy), begun the siege of it. † 2. support, uphold, sustain, only fig. c. 2 acc. Gn 27:37 (J) with corn and must have I sustained him, provided sustenance for him, cf. (of י׳) ψ 51:14; uphold Egypt Ez 30:6; abs. is 63:5; especially of י׳ upholding, sustaining Is 59:16; 63:5 ψ 3:6; 37:17, 24; 54:6 (on בְּ essentiae v. Ges ^{119 i}, בְּ supr. 7 a), 119:116; 145:14; so pt. pass. ψ 111:8; they are sustained, i.e. maintained (י׳’s commands), סָמוּךְ לִבּוֹ 112:8 his heart is sustained, firm, and so יֵצֶר ס׳ Is 26:3.

†Niph. Pf. 1 s. נִסְמַ֫כְתִּי ψ 71:6; 3 pl. נִסְמָ֑כוּ Is 48:2; Impf. יִסָּמֵךְ 2 K 18:21 Is 36:6, וַיִּסָּמֵךְ Ju 16:29; 3 mpl. וַיִּסָֽמְכוּ 2 Ch 32:8;—reflex. support, or brace onself, also c. עַל־: Ju 16:29 and he braced himself against (upon) them (the pillars): 2 K 18:21 (if) a man support himself on it (Egypt as a cracked reed) = Is 36:6; on cheering words 2 Ch 32:8; on God Is 48:2 ψ 71:6.

†Pi. Imv. mpl. sf. + בְּ instr.: סַמְּכוּנִי Ct 2:5 sustain (refresh, revive) 2.

†סְמַכְיָהוּ S GK n.pr.m. (cf. Gray ^{294, 89}; = י׳ hath sustained);—Korahite name 1 Ch 26:7; G Σαβχεια, A GL Σαμαχια(ς).

†יִסְמַיָ֫הוּ n.pr.m. (י׳ sustaineth, but perhaps read סמ׳ as foreg. Gray ^{291, 60});—Levite name 2 Ch 31:13; G Σαμαχ(ε)ια.

†סֶ֫מֶל S TWOT GK n.m. Ez 8, 5 perhaps orig. n.pr.div., then gen. image, statue (Ph. סמל id., f. סמלת, Lzb ^{151, 329}, also פנסמלת Id. ³²⁹; Bau ^{i. 88} understands ס׳ to be design. of foreign god);—abs. הַסּ׳ 2 Ch 33:7, 15, סָ֑מֶל Dt 4:16; cstr. סֵ֫מֶל Ez 8:3, 5;—image, figure of anything, פֶּסֶלּ תְּמוּנַת כָּל־ס׳ Dt 4:16; 2 פֶּסֶל הַסּ׳ 2 Ch 33:7 and (פֶּסֶל om.) v 15; סֵמֶל הַקִּנְאָת Ez 8:3 the statue of jealousy, i.e. that rouses י׳’s jealousy, = v 5.

סמם TWOT (√ of foll.; meaning dub.; if akin to Arabic شَمَّ (šamma) smell Lane ¹⁵⁹³, مَشْمُومٌ (mašmūmun) any fragrant plant Id. ¹⁵⁹⁴, then ס must be for שׂ; in that case ס׳ perhaps loan-word in Heb.; NH id.; spice, drug (Ecclus שׂ׳ 38:4 m.); Aramaic סַמָּא id.; ܣܰܡܳܐ (samo) drug, pigment; Arabic سَمٌّ (sammun) poison is appar. loan-word Frä²⁶²).

[סַם S TWOT GK]₁₆ n.m. spice, used in incense;—only pl. abs. סַמִּים, and only P Ch; Ex 30:34⁽⁾ elsewhere קְטֹרֶת (הַ)סַּמִּים incense of spices 25:6 + 8 times Ex, Lv 4:7; 16:12 Nu 4:16 2 Ch 2:3; 13:11.

†סמן vb. whence Niph. Pt. נִסְמָן Is 28:25 (si vera l.) barley in an appointed place, or a determined portion (cf. Ges Hi De al.), but נ׳ lacking in G and plausibly taken as dittogr. for כֻּסֶּמֶת by We ^{417; Isr. i. 409} Che ^and Du; cf. Brd Gu.

†סָמַר S TWOT GK vb. bristle up (Lag ¹⁰⁶ cp. Arabic شَمَرَ (šamara) contract; in that case ס׳ for שׂ׳);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. ס׳ מִפַּחְדְּךָ בְשָׂרִי ψ 119:120 from fear of thee did my flesh bristle up, ‘creep.’ Pi. Impf. תְּסַמֵּר שַׂעֲרַת בְּשָׂרִי Jb 4:15.

†סָמָר S TWOT GK adj. bristling, rough;—יֶלֶק ס׳ Je 51:27 bristling locust, perhaps with allusion to horn-like sheaths enclosing wings of the pupa, v. Dr Joel and Amos, 58 (on format. cf. Lag ⁵⁰.)

†[מַסְמֵר S^, TWOT GK^, ] n.m. Ec 12:11 nail (connexion with above √ dub.; T מַסְמְרָא, Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܡܣܡܪܝܐ (msmry˒) Schwally ^{63. 122}; NH vb. סמר nail on or up; Arabic مَسْمَارٌ (masmārun) is perhaps loan-word Frä ⁸⁹);—pl. abs. מַסְמְרִים Is 41:7, מִסְמְרִים 1 Ch 22:3 (of iron; on—ִ v. Ges ^{85 f.}); also מַסְמְרוֹת Je 10:4 ( + מַקָּבוֹת), מַשְׂמְרוֹת נְטוּעִים, Ec 12:11 (sim.; + דָּרְבֹנוֹת), and מִסְמְרוֹת 2 Ch 3:9 (of gold).

†סְנָאָה S TWOT GK appar. n.pr.m. בְּנֵי ס׳ Ezr 2:35 = Ne 7:38, בְּנֵי הַסּ׳ Ne 3:3; G Σαανα, Σανανα(τ), etc., GL Σενναα; Mey ^{150, 154} reads סְנֻאָה (ס׳ for שׂ׳, cf. סְנוּאָה) = sons of the hated (rejected) woman, i.e. the poorer classes of Jeruslem.

†סַנְבַּלַּט (so Baer; van d. H. Ginsb סַנְבַלַּט) n.pr.m. leader of Samaritan opponents of Nehemiah: Ne 2:10, 19; 3:33; 4:1; 6:1, 2, 5, 12, 14; 13:28; (Bab., = Sin-uballiṭ, Sin gave life Schr Ne 2:10).

†סְנֶה S TWOT GK n.m. Ex 3:2 a thorny bush, perhaps black-berry bush (cf. Löw ²¹⁹; rubus fruticosus Linn; Aramaic סַנְיָא, ܣܰܢܝܳܐ (sanyo) 4, Assyrian sinû, Meissner ^{vi. 293} blackberry bush (M. thinks Aramaic ס׳ loan-word from this); Arabic سَنًا (sanan) senna, Lane ¹⁴⁴⁹);—abs. ס׳ Ex 3:2⁽⁾, 4, סְנֶ֑ה v 2, 3 (all E) Dt 33:16 (akin to E).

†סֶ֑נֶּה S GK n.pr.rup. (= thorny, cf. GASm ^{250 n.} HPS ^{ad loc.});—a cliff opp. the cliff called בּוֹצֵץ, 1 S 14:4 (Ginsb as here; Baer סֵ֑נֶּה, van d. H. סֶ֑נֶה); G Σεννααρ.

†סְנוּאָה S GK n.pr.m. (but v. סְנָאָה);—בֶּן־הַסּ׳ Ne 11:9 (G Ασανα, GL Ασεννα), בֶּן־הַסְּנֻאָה 1 Ch 9:7 (G Αανα, A Ασανουα, GL Σαανα).

†סַנְוֵרִיס n.[m.] pl.intens. vel abstr. (Sta ^{324 b}) sudden blindness (etym. dub.; der. from נוּרִ highly improb., whether antiphr. Wetzst ^{ψ 4, 886} Kö ^{1, 404}, or from dazzling, cf. ‘flimmern’ Hoffm ^{ii (1882), 68}; but also view of Hal ^{xi. 66} deriv. from √ סנר cover with a skin, i.e. produce film over, lacks demonstration; at present we must be content with assuming quadrilit. √, Thes Sta ²⁴³);—הִכּוּ בַּסּ׳ Gn 19:11 (J) they smote the men with sudden blindness, cf. 2 K 6:18⁽⁾ (all cases miraculous, and in K temporary).

†סַנְחֵרִיב S GK n.pr.m. Sennacherib (= Sinahe̮ê-irba, Sin multiplied brothers, Schr 2 K 18:13);—son of Sargon and father of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (b.c.) 705–681; cf. Tiele ^{285 ff.}); 2 K 18:13; 19:16, 20, 36 = Is 36:1; 37:17, 21, 37 2 Ch 32:1, 2, 9, 10, 22 (all as above, except סַנְחֵרִך 2 K 19:20); G Σενναχηρειμ, GL Σενναχειρειμ; Σεναχήριβος Jos Σαναχάρβον (acc.) Herodot.^{ii. 141}.

סַנָּה S GK v. קִּרְיַת־סַנָּה.

סַנְסַנָּה S GK n.pr.loc. in S. Judah;—Jos 15:31 G Σεφεννακ, A Σανσαννα, GL Σεενακ; prob. = חֲצַר סוּסָה 19:5, חֲצַר־סוּסִים 1 Ch 4:31; conj. on loc. (near Gaza), v. in Di^{ad loc.} Buhl ¹⁶³ and reff. (Simsum, NE. of Gaza, cp. by J. Schwarz ^{Das heilig. Land (1852), 72} vandeVelde, ³⁴⁶, is too far north).

†[סַנְסִנִּיס] n.[m.]pl. fruit-stalk of date (Löw ^{p. 119}) (Aramaic loan-word from ܣܺܝܣܕܳܐ (sisdo) PS²⁶¹⁷ racemus dactylorum, cf. Assyrian sissinnu, part of the date-palm Dl ⁵⁰⁷);—sf. אֹחֲזָה בְּסַנְסִנָּ֑יו Ct 7:9.

†סְנַפִּיר S TWOT GK n.[m.] fin (NH id.; quadrilit. according to Sta ²⁴³; Fl Levy ^{iii. 725 a} cp. Aramaic סִמְפּוֹרִין points, nails, and der. this from סַמֵּר vb. nail, with infixed פ (Levy ^{570 b}));—Lv 11:9, 10, 12 = Dt 14:9, 10.

†סָ֑ס S TWOT GK n.m. moth (T סָסָא, Syriac ܣܳܣܳܐ (soso); Assyrian sâsu, Dl ⁵⁰⁶; Arabic سُوسٌ, سُوسَةٌ (sūsun, sūsatun); Ethiopic ፃፄ (ḍāḍe) Thes Lag ^{§ 2262} cp. Armen. zez = Gk. σής, wh. is der. from סָס by Bo ^{iii. 514} Lewy ^{16 f.});—וְכַצֶּמֶר יֹאכְלֵס סָ֑ס Is 51:8.

†סִֽסְמַי S GK n.pr.m. name in Judah (on Ph. n.pr. div. ססם(י) v. Lzb ³³⁰ Ren in CIS ^{i. 95, 3,} Bae ^{64 f.} Kit ^{1 Ch 2, 40});—ס׳ 1 Ch 2:40 b, סִֽסְמָ֑י v 40 a; G Σοσομαι, GL Σασαμει.

†סָעַד S^, TWOT GK^, vb. support, sustain, stay (NH id., especially take a meal; Aramaic סְעַד support, stay; Zinj. סעד strengthen Lzb ³³⁰, support, perhaps feed Cook⁸⁵; Chr. Pal. Aramaic n. ܣܥܕܘܢܐ (s˓dwn˒) aid, Schwally ⁶⁴; Arabic سَعِدَ, سُعِدَ (sa˓ida, su˓ida) iii, iv. aid, assist, Lane ¹³⁶⁰, سَاعِدٌ (sā˓idun) forearm Id. ¹³⁶²; Sab. סעד DHM ^{Südar. Alt. p. 16});—Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְסָעַד consec. Pr 20:28; Impf. 3 ms. יִסְעָ֑ד 3 fs. sf. תִּסְעָדֵ֫נִי ψ 18:36, read also in || 2 S 22:36, etc.; Imv. ms. סְעָד Ju 19:5 (on—ָ prob. ŏ, by error v. Kö ^{261 f.} GFM^{ad loc.}), סְעָד־נָא v 8 (cf. id.), וּסֳעָ֑דָה 1 K 13:7; sf. סְעָדֵנִי ψ 119:117; Inf. cstr. sf. וּלְסַעֲדָהּ Is 9:6;—support, sustain, always fig.: 1. sustain, stay, the heart (cf. לֵבָב 8, לֵב 8), with food Gn 18:5 (J), Ju 19:5 (c. 2 acc.), v 8, ψ 104:15; obj. om. 1 K 13:7. 2. a. support throne (subj. kg.) Pr 20:28, coming ruler Is 9:6. b. support, uphold c. acc. pers. (subj. י׳, his hand etc.) ψ 18:36 + || 2 S 22:36 (v supr.), ψ 20:3; 41:4; 94:18; 119:117.

†מִסְעָד S TWOT GK n.[m.] support;—abs. מ׳ 1 K 10:12; precise meaning unintelligible.

†[סָעָה S TWOT GK] vb. (dub.) rush, of storm-wind (cf. Arabic سَعَى (sa˓ā) (and سعو (s˓w)), go quickly, run, be energetic; Syriac ܣܥܳܐ (s˓o) make an attack upon);—Qal Pt. fs. מֵרוּחַ סֹעָה ψ 55:9 from rushing wind (and) from tempest סָ֑עַר); Hup (not Now) Gr Dy סוּפָה or סְעָרָה.

סעף TWOT (√ of foll.; appar. = cleave, divide; cf. perhaps Arabic سَعَفَ (sa˓afa) of hand, become cracked around nails etc., Lane ¹³⁶⁴, سَعَفٌ (sa˓afun) 2, Id. ¹³⁶⁵; BA ⁵⁶ GFM ^{Ju 15, 8} cf. شُعْبَةٌ (šu˓batun) cleft, (forked branch, cf. Buhl ^{Lex 13}.)

†[סָעִיף S TWOT GK^, ] n.[m.] 1. cleft. 2. branch;— 1. cleft of a crag, cstr. סְעִיף סֶלַע Ju 15:8, 11; pl. cstr. וּבִסְעִפֵֿי הַסְּלָעִים Is 2:21; סְעִיפֵי הַסּ׳ 57:5. 2. branches, boughs, pl. cstr. סְעִפֵֿו הַפֹּרִיָּה Is 17:6 (so divide, Hi Kn Di Dr ^xxx Du al.) 2 sf. סְעִיפֶיהָ 27:10 (of ruined city; cf. קְצִירָהּ v 11).

†[סְעַפָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. bough, branch;—pl. sf. סְעַפֹּתָיו Ez 31:6, 8 (of king under fig. of cedar).

†i. [סֵעֵף S TWOT GK] vb.Pi.denom. lop off boughs;—Pt. מְסָעֵף פֻּארָהּ Is 10:33 י׳ … shall lop off (the) crown of branches.

†סַרְעַפָּה S TWOT GK n.f. bough (with infixed ר, cf. Ges ^{85 w}, as transition-cons. Kö ^{1, 472}; cf. Biblical Aramaic; Kau ⁶² F. Selle ^{De Aramaismis Lib. Ezech. 17}); Syriac ܣܰܪܥܶܦܝܳܬܳܐ (sar˓epyoto) branches, Ez 31:5 al. (PS ³⁹⁵⁶), from √ ܣܰܪܥܶܦ (sar˓ep) propagavit, germinavit—pl. sf. סַרְעַפֹּתֶיּו Ez 31:5 (of Pharaoh under fig. of tree, cf. Co Berthol Toy).

†ii. [סֵעֵף S TWOT GK] (Kö ¹⁰⁶) adj. divided, half-hearted;—pl. abs. as subst., in religious sense, סֵעֲפִים שָׂנֵאתִי ψ 119:113 3.

†[סְעִפָּה S TWOT GK] n.f. division, divided opinion;—pl. abs. עַל־שְׁתֵּי הַסְּעִפִּים 1 K 18:21 how long are ye limping on the two divided opinions (as on unequal legs; G ταῖς ἰγνύαις seems an attempt to interpret the fig.; according to Albr ^{xvi (1896) 75} ס׳ really = legs).

†[סָעַר S^, TWOT^, GK^, ] vb. storm, rage (Ecclus סער Hiph. 47:17 move tempestously; סְעָרָה 5 43:17; 48:9; NH Pi. stir up, blow, סְעָרָה 5 = II. שָׂעַר, but relation obscure; Assyrian šâru, wind favours originality of שׂ׳, but this only late in Heb., and for ס׳ Frä ¹⁸⁹ cp. Arabic شَعَرَ (ša˓ara) kindle fire, excite, inflame, be vehemently hungry and thirsty, be mad, insane, etc. Lane ¹³⁶³);—Qal Impf. 3 mpl. fig., יִסְעֲרוּ Hb 3:14 they [my foes] storm along to scatter me; Pt. act. סֹעֵר Jon 1:11 the sea was growing more and more stormy, so v 13 ( + עֲלֵיהֶם); f. סֹעֲרָה Is 54:11 storm-tossed (fig. of Jerusalem). Niph. Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסָּעֵר 2 K 6:11 and the heart of the king … was enraged because of (עַל־) this thing. Pi. Impf. 1 s. sf. וְאֵסָֽעֲרֵם עַל־ Zc 7:14 (on form v. Ges^{§ 23 h, 52 n}) and storm them away (hurl them by a storm-wind) upon the nations. Po. Impf. 3 ms. כְּמֹץ יְסֹעֵר Ho 13:3 shall be like chaff (which) 5 from a threshing-floor.

†סַ֫עַר S TWOT GK n.m. Je 23:19 tempest;—abs. ס׳ Am 1:14 + 5 times; סָ֑עַר ψ 55:9; pl. sf. סַעֲרֶיךָ 83:16;—tempest, especially fig.: of passionate acts of men, מֵרוּחַ סֹעָה מִסָּ֑עַר ψ 55:9 (מִסּ׳ here awkward, without ו); of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19 (ס׳ מִתְחוֹלֵל), cf. 25:32; 30:23; tempest as instr. of י׳’s wrath, ψ 83:16 (|| סוּפָה); v. also בְּסַעַר בְּיוֹם סוּפָה Am 1:14 and Jon 1:4, 12.

†סְעָרָה S TWOT^, GK n.f. tempest, storm-wind;—abs. סְעָרָה Is 29:6 + (so also 2 K 2:1, 11 Ginsb; Baer בַּסֳּעָרָה); cstr. סַעֲרַת Je 23:19; 30:23; pl. סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13; cstr. סַעֲרוֹת Zc 9:14;—4, as instr. of י׳’s wrath, Is 29:6 ( + סוּפָה), cf. 40:24; 41:16, also רוּחַ סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13 (against nation under fig. of wall); storm-wind of Elijah’s translation 2 K 2:1, 11; of theophany Ez 1:4 (רוּחַ סְעָרָה), Jb 38:1; 40:6, and סַעֲרוֹת תֵּימָן Zc 9:14; סַעֲרַת י׳ as fig. of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19; 30:23; of ordinary tempests only in late ψ: רוּחַ סְעָרָה 107:25; 148:8, ס׳ opp. דְּמָמָה 107:29.

i, ii, iii. סַף S^, TWOT^, GK^{, , ,} v. ספף.

ספא TWOT (√ of foll.; cf. NH סָפָא, ספי give to eat, T סְפִי id.; perhaps Palm. ספא feed, nourish, Lzb ³³⁰ Cook ⁸⁵).

†מִסְפּוֹא S TWOT GK n.m. Gn 24:25 fodder;—always abs. מ׳, Gn 24:25, elsewhere obj. of נָתַן v 32; 43:24 (all J) 42:27 (E) Ju 19:19.

†[סָפַד S TWOT GK] vb. wail, lament (NH id.; T סְפַד, Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܣܦܕ (spd) id., Schwally ⁶⁴; Assyrian [sapâdu], sipdu, sipittu, mourning Dl ⁵⁰⁷; cf; Amhar. ሰደፌ (sadafe) dirge Prä ^{(1881), 762});—Qal Pf. 3 fs. וְסָֽפְדָה consec. Zc 12:12, 3 pl. וְסָֽפְדוּ consec. 1 K 14:13 Zc 12:10: Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּסְפֹּד 2 S 11:26, 2 ms. תִּסְפֹּד Ez 24:16, 1 s. cohort. אֶסְפְּדָה Mi 1:8, 3 mpl. יִסְפְּדוּ Je 6:16 +, etc.; Imv. mpl. סִפְדוּ 2 S 3:31 + 2 times; fpl. סְפֹּ֫דְנָה Je 49:3; Inf. abs. סָפוֹד Zc 7:5; cstr. סְפוֹד Ec 3:4, לִסְפֹּד Gn 23:2 1 K 13:29, לִסְפּוֹד Je 16:5; Pt. act. pl. סֹפְדִים Is 32:12, סוֹ׳ Ec 12:5;—wail, lament (with loud cries, etc., v. Mi 1:8, and cf. Dr Am 5:16), especially for dead, c. לְ, 1 S 25:1; 28:3 1 K 14:13, 18 Gn 23:2 (P) Je 16:6; 22:18⁽⁾; 34:5, cf. וְאַל־תֵּלֵךְ לִסְפּוֹד וְאַל־תָּנֹד לָהֶם 16:5; c. עַל־ over 2 S 1:12; 11:26 1 K 13:30, cf. Zc 12:10 (see v 12 infr.); c. לִפְנֵי i.e. marching before (bier) 2 S 3:31 (v. Dr); c. acc. cogn. Gn 50:10 (J) abs. 1 K 13:29 Ez 24:16 cf. v 23 Ec 3:4 (opp. רפד; cf. ψ 30:12), and pt. as subst. Ec 12:5 wailers; also, with idea of guilt on part of those wailing, Zc 12:12 (cf. v 10 supr.); over calamity, judgment, c. עַל־ Mi 1:8, abs. Je 4:8 (both + הֵילִיל), 49:3 and (with fasting) Zc 7:5 Jo 1:13.—עַל־שָׁדַיִם סֹפְדִים עַל־שְׂדֵי־חֶמֶד וגו׳ Is 32:12 is dub.; Thes Ew De Che al. upon the breasts smiting (?) for the fields, etc., but read prob. שָׂדִים (־וֹת, יִם—ַ) Ges (q.v.) Buhl ^{Lex 13} Skinner al.: over the fields wailing, over the delightful fields, etc. Niph. Impf. 3 mpl. לֹא יִסָּֽפְדוּ Je 16:4 they shall not be bewailed, so 25:33.

מִסְפֵּד S TWOT GK n.m. Gn 50:10 wailing;—abs. מ׳ Am 5:16 + 11 times; cstr. מִסְפַּד Mi 1:11 + 2 times; sf. מִסְפְּדִי ψ 30:12;—wailing: 1. for dead, Gn 50:10 (J as acc. cogn.) Zc 12:10 (c. עַל־ cf. v 11⁽⁾ infr.) 2. for calamity experienced Am 5:16⁽⁾ (|| אֵבֶל), v 17 Mi 1:8 (מ׳ כַּתַּנִּים, || אֵבֶל), v 11 Je 48:38 Ez 27:31. anticipated Je 6:26 Est 4:3 3. in contrition Is 22:12 ( + בְּכִי), Jo 2:12 ( + צוֹם, בְּכִי), cf. Zc 12:11⁽⁾. 4. in gen., ψ 30:12 (opp. מָחוֹל, cf. Ec 3:4).

†[סָפָה S TWOT GK vb. sweep or snatch away, catch up (NH ספי, סָפָא collect (rare), G סְפִי (rare), Syriac ܣܦܳܐ (spo) collect, pick up; Arabic سَفَا (safā) of wind, raise dust and carry it away Lane ¹³⁷⁷ [v. שָׁפָה]);—Qal 5. intrans.: Pf. 3 fs. סָֽפְתָה Je 12:4 be snatched away (read poss. סָ֫פָה [סוף]). 6. trans.: Impf. 3 fs. תִּסְפֶּה Is 7:20 sweep away beard; 2 ms. תִּסְפֶּה Gn 18:23, 24 sweep away indiscriminately (good and bad): Inf. cstr. סְפוֹת Dt 29:18 to snatch away the moist with the dry (proverb. expression, cf. Dr), sf. לִסְפּוֹתָהּ ψ 40:15 to snatch it away.—סְפוֹת Nu 32:14 Is 30:1 v. יסף; וְסָפ֫וּ Am 3:15 v. סוף. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. וְנִסְפָּה consec. 1 S 26:10; Impf. 2 ms. תִּסָּפֶה Gn 19:15, 17; 1 s. אֶסָּפֶה 1 S 27:1; 2 mpl. תִּסָּפוּ Nu 16:26, תִּסָּפ֑וּ 1 S 12:25; Pt. נִסְפֶּה Is 13:15; Pr 13:23 (1 Ch 21:12 v. infr.);— 1. be swept away, destroyed, Gn 19:15 (בַּעֲוֹן הָעִיר by reason of the iniquity of the city), v 17 (both J), Nu 16:26 (JE) 1 S 12:25; 26:10 (in battle), + בְּיַד of agent 1 S 27:1; cf. וְיֵשׁ נִסְפֶּה בְּלֹא מִשְׁפָּט Pr 13:23 and there is that is swept away for lack of justice.—1 Ch 21:12 read נוּסְךָ (as || 2 S 24:13, v. נוּס). 2. be caught up, captured, Is 13:15 (|| נִמְצָא); Hiph. Impf. 1 s. אַסְפֶּה עָלֵימוֹ רָעוֹת Dt 32:23 I will catch up against them calamities, but read אֹסְפָה I will gather (√ אסף), or < אֹסִפָה (Di Dr Buhl ^{Lex 13}) I will add, i.e. multiply (√ יסף; v. Ges ^{69 h, note}).

†I. [סָפַח S TWOT GK^, ] vb. join, attach to;—Qal Imv. ms. sf. סְפָחֵ֫נִי נָא אֶל־וגק׳ 1 S 2:36 attach me, pray, to one of the priest’s offices. Niph. Pf. 3 pl. וְנִסְפְּחוּ עַל־ consec. Is 14:1 and they shall attach themselves to the house of Jacob (|| נִלְוָה). Pi. Pt. מְסַפֵּחַ חֲמָֽתְךָ Hb 2:15 joining (to it?) thy fury, but read prob. מִסַּף (ח dittogr.) from the goblet of thy fury (so We Gr Now GASm Da). Pu. Impf. 3 mpl. יְסֻפָּ֑חוּ Jb 30:7 are joined together, hold themselves together (yet read perhaps Niph. יִסָּפֵּ֑חוּ Bu). Hithp. Inf. cstr. מֵהִסְתַּפֵּחַ 1 S 26:19 they have driven me out from joining myself with (בְּ) the inheritance of י׳.

II. ספח TWOT (√ of foll.; appar. pour out; cf. Arabic سَفَحَ (safaḥa) pour out, shed (blood; Qor 6:146); NH סִפֵּחַ of river, cast out alluvial soil, make new land).

†i. [סָפִיחַ S TWOT GK^, ] n.[m.] outpouring (?);—pl. sf. תִּשְׁטֹף־סְפִיחֶיהָ עֲפַר־אָ֑רֶץ Jb 14:19 (si vera l.) its outpourings sweep away the dust of the earth, so most, but dub.; Bu; proposes סְחִיפָה, cf. מָטָר סֹחֵף Pr 28:3.

†ii. סָפִיחַ S TWOT GK^, n.[m.] growth from spilled kernels ((kernels) poured out, accidentally, in harvesting, according to most; Buhl ^{Lex 13} al. think of additional growth, √ I. ספח);—it is what springs up of itself in second year, and serves as food when no grain could be sown: abs. ס׳ 2 K 10:29 = Is 37:30; cstr. סְפִיחַ קְצִירְךָ Lv 25:5; sf. תִּקְצְרוּ אֶת־סְפִיחֶיהָ v 11.

†מִשְׂפָּח S TWOT GK n.[m.] prob. outpouring (of blood), bloodshed (שׂ subst. for ס; word chosen for assonance with מִשְׁפָּט);—abs., וַיְקַו לְמִשְׁפָּט וְהִנֵּה מ׳ Is 5:7 and he waited for justice and lo! bloodshed, so Ges Hi Ew Di Gu Du Che Che (dub.).

III. ספח TWOT (√ of foll.; meaning dubious).

†סַפַּ֫חַת S TWOT GK n.f. eruption, scab, either malignant or harmless;—abs. שְׂאֵת אוֹ ס׳ אוֹ בְהֶרֶת Lv 13:2 cf. 14:56.

†מִסְפַּ֫חַת S TWOT GK n.f. id.;—abs. Lv 13:6, 7, 8.

†שִׂפַּת vb.Pi.denom. cause a scab upon, smite with scab (שׂ subst. for ס);—וְשִׂפַּח אֲדֹנָי קָּדְקָד וגו׳ (consec.) Is 3:17 and Adonay shall smite with scab the crown of the daughters of Zion.

†[מִסְפָּחָה S TWOT GK] n.f. long veil (proposes sheathing?) covering whole person; pl. abs. וְעשֹׁוֹת הַמִּסְפָּחוֹת עַל־רֹאשׁ Ez 13:18; sf. מִסְפְּחֹתֵיכֶם v 21.

סִפַּי S GK v. ספף.

†סַפִּיר S TWOT GK n.[m.] sapphire, perhaps also lapis lazuli (cf. Di Ex 24:10 Now ^{i. 131}) (NH id., and סַמְפִּירִינוֹן; T סַפִרִינוֹן; S ܣܰܦܺܝܠܴܐ (sapilo); loan-word from Skr. çanipriya according to Lag ^{Abh. 72} Lewy ⁵⁶ cf. Gk. σάπφειρος);—abs. ס׳ Ex 24:10 + 8 times; pl. סַפִּירִים Is 54:11 Ct 5:14;—with other jewels as ornaments of prince Ez 28:13; in high priest’s breastplate Ex 28:18; 39:11; found in mines Jb 28:6, costly Jb 28:16 cf. Is 54:11; taking high polish La 4:7 (in fig.); שֵׁן מְעֻלֶּפֶת סַפִּירִים Ct 5:14 ivory covered with sapphires (in fig.); lapis lazuli, according to Hi Bu Du al. in Jb 28:6 (עַפְרֹת זָהָב לוֹ being understood of sparkling crystals of iron pyrites in this), but v. Di lapis lazuli may be intended in לִבְנַת הַסּ׳ Ex 24:10 (J) pavement of sapphire (in theoph. cf. אֶבֶן־ס׳ Ez 1:26; 10:1.

†סֵ֫פֶל S TWOT GK n.[m.] bowl (√ unknown; perhaps foreign word; Assyrian saplu, bowl, basin (Dl ⁵⁰⁸ Schr ^{2 K 9:2}) [occurs as object of tribute or plunder]; NH = BH; T סִיפְּלָא bowl, basin, Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܣܝܦܠܐ (sypl˒) (wash-) basin Schwally ⁶⁴; Arabic سِفْلٌ (siflun) bowl, jar Fl ^{iii. 320; ii. 556 f.} is perhaps loan-word Frä ^{67 f.});—abs. מְלֹא הַסּ׳ Ju 6:38; for drinking, cstr. סֵפֶל אַדִּירִים 5:25 a bowl of (fit for) nobles, huge bowl (GFM).

†[סָפַן S^, TWOT GK^, once, erron., שׂ׳ GK] vb. cover, cover in, panel (NH סָפַן is respect, care for; Ph. מספנת roof, Lzb ³³⁰; Aramaic סְפַן Ithpe. be covered, overlaid; Assyrian sapânu (sometimes šapânu !), cover, overwhelm Dl ⁵⁰⁸; sapannu, concealment, obscurity, depth (of sea); Ethiopic ሰፈነ (safana) invalescere, percrebescere, praevalere, Di ⁴⁰⁶);—Qal Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסְפֹּן אֶת־הַבַּיִת גֵּבִים 1 K 6:9 and he covered in the house with beams (?); Inf. abs. סָפוֹן בָּאָ֑רֶז Je 22:14 (reading with JDMich Hi Gf Or Gie Co, חַלּוֹנָיו סָפוֹן, for MT חַלּוֹנַי וְסָפוּן, cf. Dr ^xxx) covering (it) in, panelling (it) with cedar; Pt. pass. סָפוּן בְּאֶרֶז 1 K 7:7, סָפֻן בְּאֶרֶז v 3 pl. בְּבָֽתֵּיכֶם סְפוּנִים Hg 1:4 in your panelled houses.—סָפוּן strangely = reserved, laid up, Dt 33:21, and = hidden v 19 שְׂפֻנֵי טְמֻנֵי חוֹל (only here with שׂ; both in sense of צָפוּן [read this?], cf. Dr).

†סִפֻּן S TWOT GK n.[m.] ceiling;—abs. הַסּ׳ 1 K 6:15.

†סְפִינָה S TWOT GK n.f. vessel, ship (covered in, overlaid, with sheathing, deck, etc.; Aramaic ܣܦܺܝܢܳܐ (spino); on Arabic سَفِينَةٌ (safīnatun) as loan-word v. Frä ²¹⁶);—only יַרְכְּתֵי הַסּ׳ Jon 1:5.

ספף TWOT (√ of foll., meaning unknown).

†i. סַף S^, TWOT^, GK^{, , ,} n.m. basin, goblet (NH סַף; Ph. סף (Inscr. of Tyre ^{(1), 5, 6}) Schröd ^{xxxix (1885). 317 f.} ClGann ^{Annales du Musée Guimet x. 511 Recueil d’arch. orient. (1886), 89} Hal ^{xii. 107} Bloch; but Lzb ³³⁰ 3);—ס׳ abs. basin Ex 12:22⁽⁾ (J containing blood of passover lamb); cstr. סַף־רַעַל Zc 12:2 goblet of reeling (intoxicating, fig.), prob. also Hb 2:15, where read מִסַּף תֲמָֽתְךָ from the goblet of thy fury (for MT מְסַפֵּחַ ח׳, v. I. ספח); pl. abs. סַפּוֹת 2 S 17:28 basins for ordinary use; הַסִּפִּים Je 52:19, הַסִּפּוֹת 1 K 7:50 and cstr. סִפּוֹת כֶּסֶף 2 K 12:14, of temple utensils.

ii. †סַף S^, TWOT^, GK^{, , ,} ₂₄ n.m. Am 9:1 threshold, sill (NH id.; Ph. v. Lzb i. סַף; Aramaic סִפָּא, ܣܶܦܳܐ (sepo) Arabic sippu Dl ⁵⁰⁹, all id.);—abs. ס׳ 2 K 12:10 +, also הַסָּ֑ף Ju 19:27 + 3 times (Baer Ginsb), הַסָּ֑ף 2 K 25:8; sf. סִפִּי Ez 43:8, סִפָּם v 8; pl. סִפִּים Am 9:1 Is 6:4 + 6 times Ez Ch;—threshold, sill Ju 19:27 Am 9:1 Is 6:4 Ez 41:16⁽⁾; 43:8⁽⁾; 2 Ch 3:7, ס׳הַבַּיִת 1 K 14:17, ס׳ הַשַּׁעַר Ez 40:6, 7, cf. v 6 b; שֹׁמֵר הַסַּף = 2, an important temple official, Je 35:4, so שֹׁמְרֵי הַסּ׳ 2 K 12:10 (priests), 22:4 = 2 Ch 34:9 (Levites!), 2 K 23:4; 25:18 = Je 52:24; in Persia, of palace Est 2:21; 6:2; of tabern. שׁ׳ הַסִּפִּים 1 Ch 9:19; שֹׁעֲרֵי הַסּ׳ 2 Ch 23:4 (Levites), שֹׁעֲרִים בַּסּ׳ 1 Ch 9:22; coll. חֹרֶב בַּסָּ֑ף Zp 2:14 desolation in the thresholds.

†[ספף TWOT] vb. denom. Hithpô˓. stand at, or guard, the threshold;—Inf. cstr. בָּחַ֫רְתִּי הִסְתּוֹפֵף בְּבֵית אֱלֹהַי ψ 84:11 I choose standing at the threshold in the house of my God.

†iii. סַף S^, TWOT^, GK^{, , ,} , סִפַּי S GK n.pr.m. a Philistine, 2 S 21:18 (G τὸν Σεφ(ε); GL τοὺς ἐπισυνηγμένους), = סִפַּי 1 Ch 20:4 (G τὸν Σαφουτ, A Σαφφι, GL Σαπφι).

†סָפַק S TWOT GK^, , [I. שָׂפַקִ] vb. slap, clap (NH Pi. id.; Arabic سَفَقَ (safaqa) slap (face), strike (hands) Lane ¹³⁷³);—Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְסָפַק consec. Je 48:26, sf. סְפָקָם Jb 34:26; 1 s. סָפַ֫קְתִּי Je 31:19; 3 pl. סָֽפְקוּ La 2:15; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂפֹּק (שׂ subst. for ס) Jb 27:23, יִסְפּוֹק 34:37, זַיִּסְפֹּק Nu 24:10; Imv. ms. סְפֹק Ez 21:17;— 1. slap, sq. עַל־יָרֵךְ on the thigh, in remorse and sorrow Je 31:19 Ez 21:17; c. כַּפַּיִם clap one’s hands Nu 24:10 (in anger), c. עַל at, La 2:15 Jb 27:23 (in mockery); כ׳ om. Jb 34:37 (in presumptuousness, against God). 2. slap, chatise, c. acc. pers. Jb 34:26 (subj. God). 3. splash וְס׳ מוֹאָב בְּקִיאוֹ Je 48:26 and Moab shall splash (fall with a splash) into his vomit, > Thes Buhl ^{Lex 13} empty himself(?), throw up (cf. Syriac ܣܦܩ (spq) Pa.). Hiph. Impf. 3 mpl. וּבְיַלְדֵי נָכְרִים יַשְׂפִּ֫יקוּ Is 2:6 (read perhaps וּבִידֵי Hi Du Che, and into the hands of foreigners they clap, lit. cause to clap, sc. their hands; > G S from ii. שׂפק q.v., they abound in, have a sufficienty of).

†[שֶׂ֫פֶק S^, TWOT^, GK] n.[m.] doubtful word; hand-clapping, i.e. mockery (?) (cf. vb. Jb 27:23);—שָׂ֑פֶק Jb 36:18 in difficult cl. כִּי־חֵמָה פֶּן־יְסִיתְךָ בְשׂ׳ because there is passion, (beware) lest it incite thee to mockery, Bae Da (but הסית בְּ = incite against, hence Bu reads לִשְׂפֹּק); De is not clear; others (as Di); lest it (passion) excite thee at the chastisement (v. √ 2; Cf. Thes); Du reads מִשְׂפָּק לְחֵמָה lest chastisement incite thee to wrath.—On Jb 20:22 (edd.) v. שֵׂפֶק.

סֵ֫פֶר S TWOT GK^, ₁₈₅ n.m. Is 29:11 missive, document writing, book (prob. ancient loan-word from Assyrian šipru, missive, message Dl ⁶⁸³, TelAm. šipru, šipirtu, id. Wkl ; √ šâpâru, send, send message or letter Dl ⁶⁸³, Wkl; whence also šâpiru, writer, and (perhaps ruler, šapirûtu, rule; v. Hom ^{(1892), 34} Buhl ^{Lex 13}; perhaps cf. Arabic سَفَرَ (safara) go forth to journey, ii. send on a journey Lane ¹³⁷⁰; NH סֵפֶר = BH; so Aramaic סִיפְרָא, ܣܶܦܪܳܐ (sepro); Chr. Pal. Aramaic ܣܝܦܪܐ (sypr˒) Schwally ⁶⁴; Arabic سِفْرٌ (sifrun));—ס׳ abs. 2 S 11:14 +; cstr. Ex 24:7 +; sf. סִפְרִי Ex 32:33, סִפְרְךָ v 33 ψ 139:16; pl. סְפָרִים 1 K 21:8 +;—† 1. missive: a. letter of instruction, written order, commission, or request, usually from king, 2 S 11:14, 15 1 K 21:8⁽⁾, 9, 11 2 K 5:5, 6⁽⁾, 7; 10:1, 2, 6, 7, 19:14 = Is 37:14 cf. 2 Ch 32:17, 2 K 20:12 = Is 39:1; = written decree for publication Est 1:22; 3:13; 8:5; 9:20, 25, 30 ( = אִגֶּרֶת v 26, 29, vid. p. 8 b supra), cf. וַיִּשְׁלַּח סְפָרִים בְּיַד הָרָצִים בַּסּוסִים רֹכְבֵי הָרֶכֶשׁ 8:10.—[כָּתַב ס׳ 2 S 11:15 1 K 21:8 2 K 10:1, 6 2 Ch 32:17; כָּתַב בַּסּ׳ (of specif. contents) 2 S 11:15 1 K 21:9, 11; קָרָא אֶת־הַסּ׳ 2 K 5:7 read the letter].—b. from prophet Je 29:1, other influential persons v 25, 29 †. † 2. legal document, ס׳ כְּרִיתֻת certificate of divorce Dt 24:1, 3 and (fig.) Je 3:8 Is 50:1; ס׳ הַסִּקְנָה dead of purchase Je 32:11, 12 (del. art.), v 12, 14, 16, cf. בַּסּ׳ v 10, הַסִּפָרִים v 14 (si vera l.; del. G Gie cf. Gf), סֵפֶר v 14 b, 44; ס׳ = indictment Jb 31:35 (obj. of כָּתַב; כָּתַב בְּ׳ = sign Je 32:10, 12, 44). 3. book, or scroll, in which something is written to preserve it for future use Ex 17:14 (E), Jos 18:9 (JE), 1 S 10:25 Is 30:8 Jb 19:23 +; in form of roll, cf. וְנָגֹ֫לּוּ כַּסֵּפֶר הַשָּׁמַיִם Is 34:4, הַסּ׳ הֶחָתוּם 29:11, 12 (v. Je 36 etc.), infr.); partic.: a. book of prophecies Je 25:13; 30:2 + 6 times Je 3:6, Dn 12:4; ס׳ חֲזוֹן נַחוּם Na 1:1; סֵפֶר י׳ Is 34:4; so מְגִלַּת סֵפֶר Je 36:2, 4 ( = מְגִלָּה v 6 + 6 times; with many columns, דְּלָתוֹת v 23), Ez 2:9, cf. ψ 40:8. b. geneal. register, ס׳ תּוֹלְדוֹת Gn 5:1 (P), ס׳ הַיַּ֫חַשׂ Ne 7:5. c. 2, †ס׳ הַבְּרִית Ex 24:7 (E), 2 K 23:2 = 2 Ch 34:30, 2 K 23:21; †ס׳ הַתּוֹרָה Dt 28:61; 29:20; 30:10; 31:26 Jos 1:8; 8:34 (all D), 2 K 22:8 = 2 Ch 34:15, 2 K 22:11 Ne 8:3; †ס׳ תּוֹרַת אֱלֹהִים Jos 24:26 (E), Ne 8:8 (reading ס׳ תּוֹרַת, so G, cf. Talm ^{Nedarim 37 b}), v 18; 9:3; †ס׳ תּוֹרַת י׳ 2 Ch 17:9; 34:14; †ס׳ תוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה Jos 8:31; 23:6 (both D), 2 K 14:6 Ne 8:1; †ס׳ מֹשֶׁה 2 Ch 25:4; 35:12 Ne 13:1. d. book of poems, ס׳ מִלְחֲמֹת י׳ Nu 21:14 (JE), ס׳ הַיָּשָׁר Jos 10:13 (JE), 2 S 1:18. e. book concerned with kings, ס׳ דִּבְרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה 1 K 11:41, and especially ס׳ דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי וגו׳ 1 K 14:19, 29 + 31 times K (18 times of Isr., 15 times of Judah), cf. Est 10:2 (of Media and Pers.); also ס׳ דִּבְרֵי הַיָמִים לַמֶּלֶךְ דָּוִיד 1 Ch 27:24 (reading ס׳ for מִסְפָּר G Kit ); ס׳ הַמְּלָכִים לִיהוּדָה וְיִשְׂרָאֵל 2 Ch 16:11; ס׳ מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וְיִשׂ׳ 25:26; 28:26; 32:32; ס׳ מ׳ יִשׂ׳ וִיהוּדָה 27:7 35:27; 36:8; ס׳ מ׳ יִשׂ׳ 1 Ch 9:1 2 Ch 20:34; מִדְרַשׁ ס׳ הַמְּלָבִים 24:27; also ס׳ דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים Ne 12:23 Est 2:23; ס׳ הַזִּכְרֹנוֹת דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים Est 6:1. f. once בַּסְּפָרִים Dn 9:2 by means of the Scriptures (canonical books) cf. Ew Meinh Bev Marti. g. God’s 2, ψ 139:16, ס׳ זִכָּרוֹן Mal 3:16; God’s register of living, Ex 32:32, 33 (E), ס׳ חַיִּים ψ 69:29; הַסּ׳ Dn 12:1 (citizens of Mess. kingdom). 4. ס׳ = 2, especially writing: יָדַע (הַ)סֵּפֶר Is 29:11, 12⁽⁾ (of ability to read); so לְלַמְּדָם סֵפֶר וּלְשׁוֹן כַּשְׂדִּים Dn 1:4 to teach them the writing and speech of the Chaldeans (on constr. v. Ges ^{128 a}); more gen. הַשְׂכִּיל בְּכָל־ס׳וְחָכְמָה v 17.—[סֵפֶר book is joined with vbs. thus: it is written (יִכָּתֵב) Mal 3:16; a thing is written בַּסּ׳ Ex 17:14 + 20 times, עַל־ס׳ 2 S 1:18 + 50 times ( + Je 36:32; בַּדְּיוֹ with ink v 18), אֶל־ס׳ †Je 30:2; 51:60; conversely דָּרַשׁ מֵעַל ס׳ Is 34:16 שָׁמַע מֵעַל ס׳ Je 36:11; v. also †בַּסּ׳ וְיֻחָ֑קוּ Jb 19:23 inscribe in a book, †עַל־ס׳ חֻקָּהּ Is 30:8 (|| כָּתְבָהּ עַל־לוּחַ); †מָחָה מִסּ׳ blot out of a book Ex 32:32, 33 ψ 69:29; †קָרָא אֶת־הַסּ׳ Je 51:63 read the book, scroll, but usually †קָרָא בְס׳ 36:8, 10, 13 Ne 8:8, 18; 9:3; 13:1].—ס׳ in קִרְיַת ס׳, v. ק׳.

†[סִפְרָה S TWOT^, GK^, ] n.f. book;—sf. הֲלֹא בְּסִפְרָתֶ֑ךָ ψ 56:9 (cf. סֵפֶר 3 g; del. as gloss Bi Che Hup-Now Du—Cf. also [סְפֹרָה] infr.

סָפַר S^, TWOT^, GK₁₀₇ vb. count, Pi. recount, relate (prob. ancient denom. from סֵפֶר; NH = BH; Ethiopic ሰፈረ (safara) measure Di⁴⁰⁴);—Qal₂₇ Pf. 3 ms. ס׳ 2 S 24:10, 2 ms. סָפַרְתָּה ψ 56:9, וְסָפַרְתָּ֫ Lv 25:8, etc.; Impf. יִסְפֹּר ψ 87:6 + Jb 38:37 where read prob. יִסְפֹּר (Bu) for MT יְסַפֵּר, יְסְפּוֹר Jb 31:4, וַיִּסְפֹּר 2 Ch 2:1, 16, sf. וַיִּסְפְּרֵם Ezr 1:8; 2 ms. תִּסְפֹּר Jb 39:2, תִּסְפּוֹר 14:16, תִּסְפָּר־ Dt 16:9, etc.; Imv. ms. סְפֹר Gn 15:5; mpl. סִפְרוּ 1 Ch 21:2 ψ 48:13; Inf. cstr. לִסְפֹּר Gn 15:5 + 2 times; Pt. סֹפֵר Is 33:18⁽⁾ (v. also סֹפֵר n. infr.);— 1. count things, to learn their number, c. acc., Gn 15:5⁽⁾ (J) 2 S 24:10 + 10 times ( + acc. cogn. 2 Ch 2:16); acc. om. Gn 41:49 (E); + ל (dat. comm. vel eth.), Lv 15:13, 28; 23:15; 25:8 (all PH), Dt 16:9 Ez 44:26 Ezr 1:8 ψ 87:6 Is 33:18 (abs.), v 18 (but text suspicious, conjj. in Du Che). 2. number = take account of, carefully observe and consider, reckon: צְעָדַי תִּסְפּוֹר Jb 14:16 of my steps thou takest account, so 31:4; v. also 38:37 (cf. supr.); נֹדִי סָפַרְתָּה ψ 56:9 my wandering hast thou reckoned, taken into account (Che reads סִפַּרְתִּי after G).

†Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִסָּפֵר Ho 2:1 + 4 times; 3 mpl. יִסָּֽפְרוּ 1 K 8:5 2 Ch 5:6, וַיִּסָּֽפְרוּ 1 Ch 23:3;— be counted, numbered, usually c. neg., to indicate multitude, לֹא יִסּ׳ מֵרֹב Gn 16:10 (J) it is not to be counted, for multitude, so 32:13 (J), 1 K 3:8 (|| לֹא יִסָּנֶה), 8:5 ( + id.), 2 Ch 5:6 ( + id.); cf. Ho 2:1 ( + לֹא־יִמַּד), Je 33:22 (|| לֹא יִמַּד); positively, only וַוִּסָּֽפְרוּ הַלְּוִוִּם 1 Ch 23:3.

Pi.₆₇ Pf. 1 s. סִפַּ֫רְתִּי ψ 119:26, סִפַּ֑רְתִּי v 13; 3 pl. סִפְּרוּ Ju 6:13 + 3 times; Impf. 3 ms. יְסַפֵּר Jb 38:37 +, 1 s. אֲסַפֵּר ψ 22:18 +; cohort. אֲסַפֵּ֑רָה Jb 15:17; 1 pl. וַנְּסַפֶּר־ Ex 10:2, etc.; Imv. סַפֵּר Is 43:26, etc.; Inf. cstr. (לֵ)סַפֵּר ψ 50:16 + 5 times; Pt. מְסַפֵּר Ju 7:13 2 K 8:5; pl. מְסַפְּרִים ψ 19:2; 78:4;—recount, rehearse, declare: 1. recount something (acc.), to (לְ pers.) Ju 6:13; 7:13 Gn 24:66 (J), 1 S 11:5 + 18 times (of rehearsing glorious deeds of י׳ ψ 44:2; 73:28; 78:3, 4; 79:13); c. acc. + בְּ loc. Ez 12:16, elsewhere of rehearsing name or praise of י׳ Ex 9:16 (J) ψ 9:15; 96:3 = 1 Ch 16:24, ψ 102:22 Je 51:10; c. acc. alone ψ 9:2; 19:2; 119:13 ( + בְּ instr.), 145:6 + 8 times ψ + Is 43:21, all of rehearsing praise of י׳; cf. עָֽצְמוּ מִסַּפֵּר ψ 40:6 they are too great to rehearse, c. acc. also Je 23:28, 32 Jb 15:17; 28:27 ψ 119:26; acc. om. Is 43:26, c. לְ pers. Gn 40:8 (E) + 6 times, c. אֶל־ pers. Gn 37:10 (E), c. בְּאָזְנֵי Ex 10:2; c. בְּמוֹ (q.v.) ψ 73:15; c. אֶל־ concerning ψ 2:7, cf. 69:27 (G S Ew Ol Gr Bi Che Bae add; in that case read יֹסִ֑פוּ); c. עַל־ concerning, + לְ pers. Jo 1:3. 2. appar., in weakened sense, talk ψ 59:13, 64:6 (c. ל concerning), 73:15 (c. כְּמוֹ). 3. count exactly, accurately, אֲסַפֵּר כָּל־עַצְמוֹתָ֑י ψ 22:18 I can count exactly all my bones (in wasted body).—ψ 40:6 v. sub 1, Jb 38:37 read יִסְפִּר.

†Pu. be recounted, related, rehearsed: Pf. 3 ms. סֻפַּר לְ Is 52:15; Impf. 3 ms. יְסֻפַּר לְ Jb 37:20 (cl. as subj.), + לְ concerning ψ 22:31; c. בְּ loc. 88:12; abs. יְסֻפָּ֑ר Hb 1:5.

†סֹפֵר S TWOT^, GK^, , סוֹפֵר n.m. ψ 45:2 enumerator, muster-officer, secretary, scribe (proposes pt. of סָפַר; Aramaic סַפְרָא, ܣܳܦܪܳܐ (sopro) id., cf. ܣܦܺܝܪ (spir) doctus, literatus; Old Aramaic ספרא id., Lzb³³⁰ Cook⁸⁵; Ph. ספר Lzb³³⁰);—abs. סֹפֵר Ju 5:14 +, סוֹפֵר 2 S 8:17 +; cstr. סֹפֵר 2 K 12:11 + 2 times, + Je 52:25 (Gie GFM read הַסּ׳ as || 2 K 25:19); pl. סֹפְרִים 1 K 4:3 Je 8:8, סוֹ׳ 1 Ch 2:55; 2 Ch 34:13; cstr. סֹפְרֵי Est 3:12; 8:9;— 1. a. 2, in description of leaders of Isr. משְׁבִים בְּשֵׁבֶט ס׳ Ju 5:14. b. king’s official = secretary 2 S 8:17 = 20:25 = 1 Ch 18:16, 2 K 18:18, 37 = Is 36:3, 22; Sol. has two 1 K 4:3 (in all these disting. from מַזְכִּיר); also 2 K 19:2 = Is 37:2, Je 36:10, 12, cf. לִשְׁכַּת הַסּ׳ v 12, 20, 21, בֵּית הַסּ׳ 37:15, 20; acting as treasurer and paymaster 2 K 12:11 = 2 Ch 24:11,—cf. Zadok Ne 13:13;—2 K 22:3, 8, 9, 10, 12 = 2 Ch 34:15, 18, 20; 1 Ch 24:6 (Levite); הַסּ׳ שַׂר הַצָּבָא 2 K 25:19 = Je 52:25 (si vera l. in K) implies military authority (but שַׂר הַצּ׳ perhaps gloss GFM Ju 5:14); Ew Sta al. read (as Je) scribe of general. c. in Persia, secretaries who wrote out (king’s) decrees, according to Est 3:12; 8:9. d. 2 Ch 26:11 uses ס׳ for muster-officer; 1 Ch 2:55 mentions families of סוֹפְרִים; 2 Ch 34:13 knows ס׳ as Levites; ס׳ 1 Ch 27:32 = man of learning. 2. professional class of learned men, ‘scribes,’ able to read and write Je 36:26, 32; with writing implements, עֵט ס׳ מָהִיר ψ 45:2, קֶסֶת הַסּ׳ Ez 9:2, 3, תַּעַר הַסּ׳ Je 36:23; especially learned in the law, and assuming to issue its precepts, עֵט שֶׁקֶר סֹפְרִים 8:8. 3. specif. of Ezra, at once priest (כֹּהֵן) and learned in the law (סֹפֵר), Ezr 7:11, ס׳ דִּבְרֵי מִצְוֹת י׳ v 11 [cf. Aramaic v 12, 21], ס׳ מָהִיר בְּתוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה v 6; Ne 8:1, 4, 9, 13; 12:26, 36.

†i. סְפָר S^, TWOT GK^, n.[m.] enumeration, census (late; on format. cf. Lag ¹⁷⁵);—abs. ס׳, sq. אֲשֶׁר